ANGIENT  PEOPLES 


AT  NEWCTASKSv 


WILKARP  PRICE 


li 


I  ■ 


tibvavy  of  trhe  trheolo^ical  ^tminavy 

PRINCETON  •  NEW  JERSEY 
PRESENTED  BY 

Delavan  L.  Pierson 


BV  2060  .P8  1918 
Price,  Willard,  1887- 
Ancient  peoples  at  new  tasks 


/^ 


i 


F 


The  once  proud  Incas  are  now  slaves.  Will  modern  industry- 
still  further  enslave  them  and  the  other  ancient  peoples  of  the 
world,  or  will  it  prove  a  liberating  force? 


ANCIENT  PEOPLES^ 
AT  NEW  TASKS 


BY 

WILLARD    PRICE 


NEW   YORK 

MISSIONARY   EDUCATION    MOVEMENT 

OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  AND  CANADA 

1918 


COPYBIQHT,   1918,  BY 

MISSIONABY  EDUCATION  MOVEMENT  OF  THE 

UNITED   STATES   AND   CANADA 


TO 
JEAN  PRICE 


CORRESPONDENCE  CONCERNING 
MISSION    STUDY 

Send  the  proper  one  of  the  following  blanks  to  the  secretary  of 
your  denominational  mission  board  whose  address  is  in  the  "List  of 
Mission  Boards  and  Correspondents"  at  the  end  of  this  book. 

We  expect  to  form  a  mission  study  class,  and  desire  to  have  any 
suggestions  that  you  can  send  that  will  help  in  organizing  and 
conducting  it. 

Name 

Street  and  Number 

City  or  Town   State ^ 

Deoomination Church ^ 

Text-book  to  be  used 


We  have  organized  a  mission  study  class  and  secured  our  books. 
Below  is  the  enrolment. 


Name  of  City  or  Town State 

Text-book Underline  ausp ices  under 

which  class  is  held : 
Denomination Church  Y.  P.  Soc. 

Church Men  Senior 

Women's  Soc.     Intermediate 
Name  of  Leader Y.  W.  Soc.  Junior 

Sunday  School 
Address 

Name  of  Pastor I^^*^  ^^  s^^^^^S 

State  whether  Mission  Study  Class,      Frequency  of  Meetings 

Lecture  Course,  Program  Meet- 
ings, or  Reading  Circle Number  of  Members 

Does  Leader  desire  Helps?  — 

Chairman,  Missionary  Committee,  Yoimg  People's  Society 


Address 

Chairman,  Missionary  Committee,  Sunday  School 

Address 


CONTENTS 

CHAPTER  PAGE 

Foreword ix 

I      The  Hand  Clasp  of  Neighbors       .        .  3 
II      Land  of  Cherry  Blossoms  and  Smoke 

Stacks    .......       .  37 

III  Trees  and   Men 61 

IV  Regenerating   a   Race   with   Tools   and 

Bibles 93 

V      Preachers  of  the  Plow     .        .        .        .119 

VI      The  Golden  Whirlpool   ....  149 

VII      Putting  the  World  to  Work     .        .        .171 

Bibliography 201 

Index 205 


ILLUSTRATIONS 

PAGE 

The  once  proud  Incas  are  now  slaves      .         Frontispiece 
There  are  places  in  South  America  where  one  can  buy  an 

Indian  boy  for  ten  dollars 12 

Plant  of  North  American  copper  company  in  Chile  .  .  20 
Girls  work  twelve  hours  a  day  with  men  overseers  in  the 

factories  of  Japan 44 

The  Japanese  government  is  a  rule-of-the-rod  father  .  .  52 
Joseph  Bailie  of  Nanking,  China,  visiting  the  dying  victims 

of  famine 68 

China  learns  to  plant  trees 84 

Clothing  body  as  well  as  mind  in  the  Philippines  .  .  .  100 
Aguinaldo,  one-time  insurrecto,  and  American  Director  of 

Education  in  the  Philippines 116 

Sam   Higginbottom's   work   affects  more   than   200,000,000 

farmers  in  India 132 

Archaic  agriculture  means  famine 140 

The  simple  life  of  the  South  African  kraals  ....  156 
The  Rand  furnishes  forty-one  per  cent,  of  the  world's  gold  164 
Cawnpore  school  is  developing  competent  blacksmiths  .  .172 
The  reindeer  industry  developed  by  missionaries  is  making 

higher  standards  of  living  among  the  Eskimos       .       .     180 
Among   the   broad   pastures   of   Rhodesia   the   missionary 

teaches  sheep  raising  .       .       .       .       .      >       .       .       .188 


viu 


FROM  TEMPLE  BELL  TO  SIX  O'CLOCK 
WHISTLE 

The  East  fell  asleep  to  the  chiming  of  medieval 
temple  bells. 

Now  she  wakes  to  the  scream  of  the  factory  siren, 
the  roar  of  modern  machinery,  the  rumble  of  train 
and  tractor,  the  booming  of  dynamite  in  her  once  si- 
lent mountains. 

The  industrial  revolution,  which  during  the  last 
fifty  years  has  shaken  North  America  and  Europe 
to  their  foundations,  is  to-day  sweeping  irresistibly 
through  South  America  and  the  Orient.  Simple  home 
industries  are  being  supplanted  by  complex  com- 
munity industries.  Grandmother's  hand-loom  has  gone 
to  the  attic.  A  thousand  power-looms  whirr  in  the 
mill.  Home  life  everywhere  is  changing  as  the 
world's  homes  are  being  forced  to  yield  up  their  youth 
to  satisfy  the  demands  of  factories,  shops,  and  mines. 

In  the  West  the  industrial  revolution  has  meant  a 
host  of  mistakes  and  bitter  experiences.  These  blun- 
ders have  at  least  been  educative.  Western  nations 
know  more  than  they  did  fifty  years  ago  concerning 
such  matters  as  child  labor,  long  hours,  occupational 
diseases,  industrial  accidents,  welfare  work, — all  the 
deep  moral  and  spiritual  implications  of  modern  in- 
dustry. 

IX 


X  FOREWORD 

We  are  too  prone  to  think  of  industry  as  a  matter 
of  mechanics.  It  is  that  only  incidentally.  It  is  pri- 
marily a  matter  of  human  lives  and  souls.  Our  in- 
dustrial development  of  the  last  half  century  has  been 
a  rigorous  spiritual  experience,  and  out  of  it  have 
come  soul-ruining  evils  and  soul-blessing  benefits. 

The  great  question  confronting  Christian  missions 
is  this:  Shall  the  Orient  be  permitted  to  repeat  the 
blunders  of  the  Occident?  Shall  the  experience  of  the 
West  be  of  no  value  to  the  East  and  the  South  ?  Or 
shall  the  Christian  missionary,  facing  this  industrial 
age,  so  thoroughly  acquaint  himself  with  the  history 
of  industry  in  its  social  and  spiritual  phases  that  he 
may  be  able  to  carry  the  bitterly  learned  lessons  and 
gradually  attained  solutions  of  the  West  to  the  in- 
quiring E^st? 

That  the  Christian  church  is  able  to  meet  the  ex- 
traordinary demands  of  the  Machine  Age  is  proved 
by  the  striking  records  which  her  pioneers  have  already 
made  in  this  field.  The  stories  of  a  few  of  them  are 
recounted  in  this  book.  No  effort  has  been  made  to 
describe  industrial  conditions  in  detail  for  every  coun- 
try of  the  world — no  one  book  could  do  that.  Instead, 
a  single  industrial  situation  has  been  chosen  for  treat- 
ment in  each  country :  in  South  America,  the  mission- 
ary significance  of  the  example  set  by  North  Ameri- 
can industry;  in  Japan,  the  acute  factory  situation  and 
its  attempted  remedies ;  in  China,  reforestation  and  its 
bearing  upon  the  happiness  of  China's  working  mil- 
lions; in  the  Philippines,  the  industrial  revolution  ac- 


FROM  TEMPLE  BELL  TO  SIX  O'CLOCK  WHISTLE      xi 

complished  by  the  United  States  government;  in  India, 
the  Hfting  of  Hfe  through  the  improvement  of  agricul- 
tural methods;  in  Africa,  the  problem  of  the  black 
worker  in  the  white  man's  mines. 

The  concluding  chapter  relates  the  achievements 
of  industrial  mission  schools  in  many  parts  of  the 
world. 

Great  honor  is  due  the  intrepid  twentieth  century 
missionaries  of  the  world's  factories,  forests,  farms, 
and  mines.  A  study  of  their  work  gives  fresh  assur- 
ance of  the  tremendous,  world-transforming  power 
which  lies  in  the  humble  hands  of  the  Christian  mis- 
sionary. 

WiLLARD  Price. 
New  York,  May,  191 8. 


I 

THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS 

Anciently,  one  of  the  world's  most  magnificent 
races.  To-day,  a  race  of  timid,  cringing,  downtrod- 
den serfs. 

That  in  brief  is  the  history  of  the  Incas  of  Peru 
and  Bolivia.  The  greatness  of  their  ancestors  is  now 
only  a  tradition.  More  vivid  to  them  are  the  tales 
of  punishments  meted  out  to  leaders  of  the  early  up- 
risings— tongues  cut  out,  bodies  torn  limb  from  limb 
— sights  seen  by  grandfathers  now  living. 

Kept  in  ignorance,  exploited  by  provincial  authori- 
ties, brutalized  by  alcohol  for  nearly  three  centuries, 
the  Indian  of  Peru  and  Bolivia  has  become  an 
apathetic  beast  of  burden,  virtually  a  slave. 

Meanwhile  his  masters  have  lolled  at  ease.  They 
have  almost  forgotten  how  to  work.  The  fire  of  en- 
terprise has  died  low  in  their  souls.  So  long  have 
they  depended  upon  others  to  work  for  them  that 
they  have  lost  skill  as  well  as  energy.  They  have 
become  enslaved  in  idleness  and  incompetence.  There 
are  a  few,  of  course,  who  have  resisted  the  deadening 
influences  of  an  inherited  life  of  ease. 


4  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

Enslaved  by  Their  Slaves 

The  world  does  not  afford  a  more  striking  example 
of  the  boomeranging  of  evil.  Much  of  the  national 
weakness  of  these  countries  must  be  charged  to  the 
peonage  system  which  has  subjected  the  Indian  to 
grinding  toil  and  has,  in  turn,  vitiated  and  under- 
mined the  character  of  the  Spanish  ruling  class. 

The  ambition  of  the  typical  Spanish  young  man  of 
this  region  is  to  acquire  a  farm  and  have  a  few  hun- 
dred Indians  w^ork  it  for  him,  while  he  spends  his 
time  chatting  over  his  liquor  in  the  restaurants  of  the 
capital  city. 

To  work  is  a  sign  of  low  breeding.  To  carry  a  pack- 
age the  size  of  this  book  through  the  streets  is  a  dis- 
grace. If  you  buy  two  apples  in  the  market  you 
must  drop  them  in  the  poncho  of  some  Indian  boy 
who  will  humbly  carry  them  after  you  while  you  stalk 
empty-handed  back  to  your  residence.  Empty-hand- 
edness  is  the  national  stamp  of  gentihty.  A  Bolivian 
lady  who  could  fry  a  steak  or  boil  an  egg  would  be 
ashamed  to  admit  it.  When  she  sees  her  friends  com- 
ing to  her  front  door  she  will  run  frantically  through- 
out the  house  to  find  a  servant  rather  than  open  the 
door  herself.  A  gentleman  was  once  excluded  from 
a  fashionable  club  for  the  real  reason  that  he  had 
been  seen  using  a  hand-saw  in  the  patio  of  his  house. 

Serfs  on  Land  They  Once  Owned 
The  condition  of  the  Indian  farmer  is  pitiful.     On 
the  way  from  Guaqui  to  La  Paz  our  train  was  an 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  5 

hour  and  a  quartef  passing  through  the  property  of 
one  landholder.  This  property  was  seventeen  miles 
long  by  ten  miles  wide  and  it  was  dotted  with  more 
than  one  thousand  houses  of  the  Indians.  These  In- 
dians formerly  owned  the  land  themselves,  but  on  one 
pretext  or  another  it  was  wrested  from  them.  Now 
they  must  work  for  the  owners  day  after  day  without 
payment,  and  in  what  little  spare  time  they  can  get 
they  may  till  a  small  patch  of  land  for  their  own  use. 
The  owners  rarely  go  near  their  farms.  In  some  cases 
they  are  afraid  to;  their  Indian  slaves  would  kill 
them. 

Two  years  ago  a  wholesale  rebellion  of  the  Indians 
was  threatened.  They  came  by  night  in  great  num- 
bers and  looked  down  over  the  edge  of  the  pit  at  the 
bottom  of  which  lies  the  city  of  La  Paz,  the  proud 
capital  of  Bolivia.  There  was  much  frightened  run- 
ning to  and  fro  in  the  streets.  It  was  feared  that  the 
Indians  might  attack  the  city  with  bombs  dropped 
from  above.  Stern  measures  were  employed,  the  In- 
dians were  driven  back  to  their  tasks,  soldiers  guarded 
the  edge  of  the  Alto  Piano  or  plateau  above  the  city, 
and  the  rebellion  was  averted. 

Signing  Away  Freedom  for  a  Drink 

The  lot  of  the  Indian  industrial  worker  is  little  if 
any  better  than  that  of  the  farmer.  The  mines  and 
mills  have  been  accustomed  to  secure  their  Indian 
workmen  by  the  enganche  or  "  hook "  system.  A 
"  hooker  "  as  agent  for  his  company  goes  into  a  little 


6  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

chicheria  or  tavern,  talks  to  the  men,  treats  them  with 
liquor  and  tells  them  the  wonders  of  the  country  from 
which  he  has  come  and  where  the  industry  he  repre- 
sents  is  located.  He  asks  them  if  they  would  like  to 
go  and  offers  to  advance  money  enough  to  pay  their 
passage  and  to  have  a  good  time  on  before  going. 
Offer  money  to  a  half  drunken  Indian  and  he  will  do 
anything  you  say.  The  victim  signs  a  paper  which 
requires  that  he  shall  work  off  his  debt.  When  he 
sobers  up  and  realizes  what  he  has  done,  he  may  be 
reluctant  about  going.  In  that  case  he  is  simply  ar- 
rested and  taken  by  force  to  his  destination  in  factory 
or  mine-gallery  and  notified  that  he  will  not  be  re- 
leased from  his  work  until  the  debt  is  fully  paid.  Then 
his  wages  are  placed  at  so  low  a  figure  and  the  charge 
made  to  him  for  provisions  bought  at  the  company's 
store  is  so  high  that  the  poor  toiler  is  kept  continu- 
ally in  debt. 

Peru  and  Bolivia  do  not  employ  the  word  "  slavery  " 
as  applied  to  these  practises.  But  is  there  any  other 
word  more  true  and  appropriate? 

The  Slavery  of  Children 

There  is  another  form  of  slavery  even  worse  than 
the  two  described.  This  is  the  custom  of  the  buying 
and  selling  of  Indian  children  common  in  many  of  the 
inland  cities. 

Suppose,  for  example,  you  live  in  the  city  of  Are- 
quipa,  Peru,  and  you  want  some  one  to  do  the  house- 
work.   Perhaps  you  say  to  the  conductor  of  the  train 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  T 

to  the  mountains :  "  I  wish  you  would  bring  me  down 
a  boy." 

A  few  days  later  a  tearful  and  frightened  Indian 
boy  is  brought  to  your  door.  Perhaps  the  conductor 
has  paid  the  parents  of  the  boy  ten  dollars,  so  you 
must  pay  the  conductor  that  much  and  a  little  more 
to  cover  his  trouble. 

That  boy  is  now  absolutely  your  property  from  his 
present  age,  say  eight,  until  he  reaches  twenty-one. 
At  that  time  the  government  will  want  him  for  the 
army.  In  the  meantime  he  is  yours.  You  need  not 
pay  him  a  cent.  You  may  dress  him  in  any  old 
rags;  you  may  give  him  any  odd  corner  to  sleep  in; 
you  may  starve  and  kick  him;  you  may  work  him  as 
many  hours  a  day  as  you  please,  and  if  he  runs  away 
the  government  will  help  get  him  back  to  you.  If  he 
refuses  to  work,  he  will  be  put  into  jail,  mixed  in 
with  his  elders  but  not  betters,  and  kept  there  until  he 
changes  his  mind. 

The  brutality  to  which  he  is  often  subject  simply 
would  not  be  believed  in  North  America.  An  Amer- 
ican in  Arequipa  told  me  of  seeing  a  neighbor's  slave, 
a  little  boy  eight  years  old,  frequently  kicked  in  the 
stomach  and  sent  sprawling  as  punishment  for  the 
most  trivial  mistakes.  Finally  the  American  inter- 
fered. But  he  found  he  could  do  nothing,  the  law 
would  not  back  him  up,  and  his  interference  only 
cost  the  child  more  punishment. 

The  arguments,  once  familiar  in  our  own  South, 
are  heard  here  in  defense  of  this  bondage.     "  Some 


8  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

of  the  masters  are  kind/'  This,  of  course,  is  true. 
"  The  Indians  learn  to  work."  There  are  others  who 
need  this  learning  far  more  than  do  the  Indians. 
*'  The  system  elevates  the  ideals  of  the  Indians  by 
bringing  them  into  close  contact  with  the  civilization 
of  the  white  man."     What  civilization! 

Chile's  Indian  Ancestry  an  Asset 

Is  it  any  wonder  that  such  practises  are  eating  away 
the  very  foundation  of  character  underlying  the  na- 
tional life  of  Peru  and  Bolivia?  This  truth  is  illus- 
trated in  another  way  by  the  experience  of  Chile.  The 
Spanish  conquerors  who  came  to  the  land  now  known 
as  Chile  also  found  Indians,  the  fierce,  warlike,  reck- 
less Araucanians.  They  were  very  different  from  the 
peaceful,  industrious  Incas  of  the  Andean  plateau. 
The  Araucanians  refused  to  be  put  out  on  the  farms 
and  subjected  to  a  form  of  slavery  while  the  masters 
took  their  ease  in  the  city.  The  white  farm-owners 
were  compelled  to  remain  on  their  farms  and  take  a 
vigorous  share  in  the  actual  work.  Thus  Spanish 
character,  strong  to  begin  with,  was  further  strength- 
ened. The  Araucanians  were  never  really  conquered. 
They  gradually  merged  with  the  whites  and  the  result 
is  a  mixed  race,  strong,  energetic,  and  unafraid  of 
work.  The  Italian  foreman  in  an  iron  foundry  of 
Valparaiso  told  me  he  had  had  as  workmen  Argen- 
tines, Peruvians,  Bolivians,  French,  and  English,  but 
the  Chileans  were  by  far  the  best  workmen  of  all. 
They  were  fearless  and  tireless.    When  asked  if  a  job 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  9 

were  too  dangerous  for  them,  they  would  say :  '"  Soy 
homhre''  (I  am  a  man). 

Because  of  the  progressive  and  aggressive  temper 
of  the  Chilean  work-people,  conditions  among  them 
are  much  more  wholesome  than  in  the  northern  coun- 
tries. There  is  nothing  in  Chile  that  could  reasonably 
be  termed  slavery.  At  the  same  time  the  condition 
of  the  worker  is  far  from  ideal.  His  hours  are  usually 
long,  wages  low,  safeguards  from  accidents  few,  pro- 
visions for  health  and  welfare  lacking. 

Living  Higher  Than  in  the  North 

Before  one  visits  South  America  he  is  apt  to  take 
it  for  granted  that  the  cost  of  living  there  is  much 
less  than  in  the  United  States.  When  he  goes  he  is 
dismayed  to  find  that  provisions  of  nearly  every  sort 
cost  substantially  more  in  South  America  than  in 
North  America.  Then  are  the  wages  for  each  kind 
of  work  higher  than  those  paid  in  American  cities? 
Not  by  any  means.  The  average  daily  wage  of  Chile 
is  calculated  by  our  Consul-general  at  Valparaiso  as 
being  about  sixty-three  cents.  In  the  nitrate  fields, 
where  the  cost  of  store  goods  is  almost  prohibitive,  the 
wage  is  little  more  than  a  dollar  a  day.  Laborers  on 
the  farms  are  paid  twenty-five  cents  and  two  plates  of 
beans  a  day! 

"  Since  wages  have  not  gone  up  in  keeping  with 
the  continual  advances  in  the  prices  of  all  the  neces- 
saries of  life,"  reports  Consul  Davis  J.  Myers  from 
Punta  Arenas,  "  the  laboring  classes  of  this  district 


lo  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

have  not  enjoyed  the  great  prosperity  that  has  so 
favored  the  merchants  and  ranchmen.  On  the  con- 
trary they  have  felt  severely  a  reduction  both  in  the 
quality  and  the  quantity  of  clothing  and  food  which 
they  v^ere  formerly  able  to  purchase  at  the  same 
wages."  Mr.  Myers  states  that  within  little  more 
than  a  year  after  the  beginning  of  the  war,  living 
expenses  in  this  part  of  Chile  had  increased  by  the  fol- 
lowing percentages:  rent,  in;  fuel,  83;  clothing,  38; 
food,  'J2.  The  average  of  these  is  y^.  The  wealthier 
families  are  now  paying  three  and  a  quarter  times  as 
much  as  in  the  year  1909  for  the  same  comfort.  The 
working  families  are  not  paying  three  and  a  quarter 
times  as  much  because  they  have  not  the  money  to 
pay.  Their  only  way  of  meeting  the  situation  is  to  get 
along  with  three  and  a  quarter  times  less  comfort. 

In  Argentina,  Uruguay,  Paraguay,  and  Brazil 
there  is  the  same  fundamental  trouble — a  speeding 
up  of  the  nations'  work  and  a  lagging  behind  in  mak- 
ing proper  provision  for  the  worker. 

Native  Social  Movements 

It  must  not  be  supposed  that  South  America  is  en- 
tirely blind  to  the  situation.  There  are  many  ameliora- 
tive efforts,  such  as  the  league  against  alcoholism,  the 
national  savings-banks,  the  building  of  model  homes 
for  workers,  and  a  certain  amount  of  welfare  legisla- 
tion, such  as  that  which  provides  that  mothers  who 
have  children  under  one  year  of  age  shall  be  permit- 
ted to  spend  one  hour  of  the  working  day  in  caring 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  u 

for  their  children.  Chile  has  recently  enacted  an  em- 
ployers' liability  law  and  while  it  is  of  a  type  long  ago 
rejected  in  the  United  States  and  Europe,  still  it  is 
much  better  than  no  law  at  all.  It  is  one  thing,  how- 
ever, to  enact  a  law  and  another  thing  to  enforce  it. 
One  of  the  managers  in  a  large  Chilean  industry  was 
taking  me  over  his  plant.  I  asked  him  if  it  had  been 
necessary  for  the  company  to  make  many  readjust- 
ments to  meet  the  requirements  of  the  new  law.  He 
looked  at  me  blankly  and  asked:  "  What  law?  "  He. 
was  not  even  aware  that  the  law  existed. 

The  ameliorative  attempts  made  by  the  governments 
of  these  countries,  as  well  as  by  private  agencies,  are 
thus  at  present  rather  sporadic  and  uncertain. 

The  Example  of  North  American  Industry 

There  are,  however,  two  forces  which,  by  example 
and  precept,  are  powerfully  influencing  South  Amer- 
ica's attitude  toward  her  workers.  These  are  North 
American  industry  and  North  American  missions. 

The  example  of  American  industrialists  has  not 
always  been  clear  and  shining  wherever  they  have 
gone  throughout  the  world.  Of  course  in  South 
America,  too,  there  are  North  American  industries 
which  are  squeezing  the  life  out  of  their  employees 
as  a  paper-mill  squeezes  the  moisture  out  of  pulp. 
Such  industries,  however,  are  extremely  few.  On 
the  whole  there  is  inspiration  and  hope  in  the  splendid 
leadership  in  welfare  which  is  being  afforded  by 
North  American  firms  in  South  America. 


12  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

In  the  best  of  the  American  companies  the  cholos  ^ 
work  but  eight  hours,  and  receive  from  $1.50  to  $4.50 
a  day.  This  is  nothing  short  of  revolutionary  in  a 
land  where  the  twelve-  or  sixteen-hour  day  and  fifty- 
cent  wage  are  common. 

Other  nationalities  have  been  somewhat  prone  to 
take  advantage  of  the  existing  low  standards.  But 
American  firms,  such  as  the  Cerro  de  Pasco  Mining 
Company,  in  Peru,  have  followed  a  shrewder  method 
and  in  the  end  gained  a  greater  advantage. 

This  firm  gave  decent  living  wages  when  there  was 
no  demand  for  such  wages,  provided  houses  that  were 
so  much  too  good  that  some  workmen  took  off  the 
doors  and  window-sashes  and  burned  them  as  fuel, 
equipped  an  excellent  hospital,  organized  sanitary  in- 
spection, started  schools,  furnished  necessities  through 
a  commissary  at  the  lowest  possible  prices,  and  then 
taught  the  cholos  to  quit  coca-chewing  long  enough  to 
learn  to  play  football. 

^A   Company   Which  Influences  Two  Nations 

The  campaign,  as  the  manager  himself  admits,  has 
been  entirely  selfish — and  it  has  been  richly  rewarded. 
Jhe  best  workmen  gravitate  to  this  company.  They 
work  regularly,  whereas  the  Indian  has  formerly  been 
accustomed  to  follow  the  example  of  his  Spanish 
master  and  make  riotous  holidays  of  all  feast  days,  of 
which  there  are  one  or  more  every  week.  They  rise 
to  skilled  work.     The  proportion  of   foreigners  has 

^  A  cholo  is  a  person  of  mixed  white  and  Indian  blood. 


There  are  places  in  South  America  where  one  can  buy  an 
Indian  boy  for  ten  dollars,  and  until  he  is  twenty-one  you  may 
use  him  and  abuse  him  as  you  please. 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  13 

Steadily  diminished  as  the  natives  have  become  pro- 
ficient until  now  only  a  handful  are  of  foreign  birth. 
And  the  Cerro  de  Pasco  Mining  Company,  through 
knowing  how  to  utilize  its  human  as  well  as  its  mate- 
rial resources,  has  become  by  far  the  most  powerful  in- 
dustrial enterprise  of  Peru.  The  influence  of  its  ex- 
ample simply  cannot  be  calculated.  We  should  not  pre- 
tend to  say  that  its  slate  is  clean,  but  it  is  at  least  so 
nearly  clean  that  all  Peru  looks  upon  it  with  wonder. 
The  toiler  in  every  shop  and  plantation  and  sugar-mill 
who  feels  that  he  is  not  squarely  treated  goes  to  his 
employer  and  reminds  him  of  the  conditions  afforded 
by  the  Cerro  de  Pasco  to  their  workmen.  Greedy  em- 
ployers hate  the  name  of  that  company.  Humane  em- 
ployers study  its  methods  and  improve  their  own.  The 
example  of  this  powerful  organization  which  owns 
scores  of  mines  and  employs  tens  of  thousands  of  con- 
tented workmen  is  slowly  but  surely  lifting  the  level  of 
industrial  welfare  throughout  both  Peru  and  neigh- 
boring Bolivia. 

The  example  of  this  company  is  being  more  or  less 
duplicated  by  many  other  American  interests — in  the 
oil-fields,  the  sugar-plantations,  along  the  veins  of  silver 
and  gold  in  the  mountains,  and  on  the  American- 
operated  railroads.  I  found  everywhere  that  North 
American  industry  was  held  in  high  esteem.  Some- 
times the  beneficent  character  of  the  industry  itself, 
as  in  the  work  of  the  J.  G.  White  Company,  engaged  in 
the  sanitation  of  the  pestilential  port  of  Guayaquil, 
Ecuador,  is  such  as  to  inspire  respect  for  those  who  are 


14  ANGIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

carrying  it  on.  The  Standard  Oil  Company,  whatever 
may  be  our  opinion  of  its  history  in  the  United  States, 
is  a  blessing  to  workers  of  South  America.  Instead 
of  taking  advantage  of  the  ignorance  and  helplessness 
of  its  employees,  it  is  rather  endeavoring  to  place  them 
on  a  plane  of  intelligence  and  independence.  The  im- 
mense packing  industry  of  Argentina  and  Uruguay  is 
dominated  by  such  firms  as  Armour's  and  Swift's,  and 
which  are  setting  a  high  standard  in  the  treatment  of 
labor.  The  American  mines  at  Chuquicamata,  Chile, 
are  unique  in  that  when  a  native  becomes  an  employee 
he  is  apt  to  remain  on  the  job  the  rest  of  his  life,  and 
often  his  son  after  him,  because  of  the  superior  con- 
ditions offered.  This  is  in  striking  contrast  with  the 
situation  in  the  usual  mining-camp  where  the  miner  is 
frequently  a  transitory  character,  coming  to-day,  work- 
ing a  brief  while,  and  starting  on  his  away  again  a  few 
months  hence. 

In  Chile's  vast  nitrate  fields,  from  which  comes  the 
nitrate  to  make  the  ammunition  without  which  this 
war  could  not  go  on,  one  of  the  best  of  the  one  hundred 
and  seventy  different  plants  is  said  to  be  that  of  the 
Du  Pont  Powder  Company.  One  concern  which  was 
continually  losing  its  best  men  to  the  Du  Pont  Com- 
pany, finally,  in  desperation,  sent  a  man  to  the  United 
States  to  study  welfare  methods  so  that  he  might  install 
them  in  its  plant,  in  order  that  it  might  meet  the  com- 
petition of  the  American  firm.  Other  plants  also  are 
beginning,  either  through  inclination  or  necessity,  to 
incorporate  the  Du  Pont  methods. 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  15 

'A   Mine   Which  Mothers   Twenty   Thousand  People 

It  was  a  memorable  trip  I  took  from  Santiago  up 
among  the  peaks  of  the  Andes  to  visit  the  Braden 
Copper  Company,  a  Guggenheim  concern.  It  was 
the  wild  and  wintry  month  of  June  (corresponding  to 
December  in  northern  latitudes)  and  a  white  storm 
swept  along  with  our  train  up  to  the  peaks  where  the 
mining-camp  lay  almost  smothered  in  snow.  You  may 
get  some  idea  of  the  snowfall  from  the  fact  that  the 
tennis-court  (when  the  summer  comes  in  December) 
always  lies  buried  under  about  twenty  feet  of  hard- 
packed  snow.  It  is  necessary  to  saw  the  snow  into 
blocks,  load  it  on  flat  cars  and  haul  it  away  before 
the  boys  can  play  tennis! 

But  the  twenty  thousand  people  who  are  dependent 
upon  the  Braden  Copper  Company  are  well  protected 
from  the  rigors  of  Andean  weather.  Their  houses  are 
warm  and  tight.  Besides,  a  great  many  of  them  work 
underground  where  the  temperature  is  always  the  same, 
winter  and  summer.  The  huge  mountain  rises  like  an 
immense  bee-hive.  It  is  honeycombed  with  more  than 
a  hundred  miles  of  tunnels,  and  these  tunnels  are  being 
extended  at  the  rate  of  a  mile  a  day.  The  tunnels  are 
arranged  on  various  levels,  nearly  tv/enty  in  all,  with 
elevators  and  chutes  running  from  one  level  to  an- 
other. The  mountain,  to  change  the  figure,  is  like  an 
apartment  house  half  a  mile  high.  Ore  from  the 
upper  stories  is  dumped  into  chutes  like  dumb-waiter 
shafts   (''vultures"   they  are  called  because  of   the 


i6  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

readiness  with  which  they  will  swallow  a  miner  if  he 
makes  a  misstep)  and  is  dropped  to  the  basement  level, 
where  it  is  carried  away  like  the  ashes  of  an  apartment- 
house.  But  these  are  precious  ashes !  They  are  taken 
to  the  smelter  where  pure  copper  is  extracted  to  the 
tune  of  two  million  dollars'  worth  or  more  every 
month.  Five  thousand  tons  of  ore  are  mined  every 
day  and  the  capacity  of  the  plant  is  to  be  increased 
to  ten  thousand  tons. 

Night  and  day  thousands  of  men  are  burrowing 
wnth  air  drills  and  pickaxes;  seventeen  underground 
electric  trains  thunder  from  one  subterranean  com- 
munity of  workers  to  another,  while  an  indicator  in 
the  office  above  the  earth  constantly  shows  the  exact 
location  of  each  train;  twenty  underground  telephones 
flash  their  messages  through  miles  of  rocky  tunnels; 
American  foremen  from  Harvard,  Yale,  Columbia, 
Princeton,  sit  at  their  desks  typewriting  their  reports 
in  neat,  boarded,  blueprint-hung  offices  a  half  mile 
under  the  surface  of  the  earth;  and  underground  re- 
pair-shops, carpenter  shops,  compression  rooms  and 
power-plants  add  to  the  uncanny  din  echoing  through 
the  hundred  miles  of  streets  of  this  subterranean  city. 

Doubling  the  Average  Wage  of  Chile 

Life  here  is  necessarily  hard  and  dangerous.  But 
the  Braden  Copper  Company  has  not  hidden  behind 
this  excuse.  All  South  America  respects  the  welfare 
record  which  has  been  established  by  this  concern. 
Great  credit  is  due  to  Mr.  S.  S.  Sorenson,  the  general 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  17 

manager,  and  to  his  superintendent  of  welfare,  Mr. 
Colley,  as  well  as  to  Mr.  Graham  and  Mr.  Turner, 
superintendents  of  the  mine  and  smelter.  They  are 
all  welfare  superintendents  at  heart.  Perhaps  it  w^ould 
be  more  correct  to  say  that  they  are  all  great  indus- 
trialists who  know  very  well  that  complete  efficiency 
in  industry  is  impossible  unless  strict  attention  is  paid 
to  the  welfare  of  the  worker. 

Formerly  the  work  of  the  mine  was  done  in  two 
twelve-hour  shifts,  the  one  a  day  and  the  other  a 
night  shift.  But  it  was  found  that  twelve  hours  of 
continuous  work  led  to  exhaustion  from  which  it  was 
difficult  to  recuperate,  and  which  often  led  to  dis- 
ease. Accordingly  the  order  was  changed  to  three 
eight-hour  shifts,  so  that  no  man  should  work  more 
than  eight  hours  out  of  the  twenty-four.  The  result 
was  an  immediate  brightening  and  quickening  of  the 
men.  That  was  significant  from  a  human  standpoint. 
The  significant  fact  from  the  industrial  standpoint  was 
that  within  a  few  days  after  the  change  was  made  pro- 
duction had  increased  thirty  per  cent ! 

Common  workmen  in  this  mine  receive  about  one 
dollar  and  seventy-five  cents  a  day.  This  is  more  than 
double  the  average  wage  of  Chile.  And  yet  the 
Braden  Copper  Company  finds  that  it  pays.  They 
believe  that  a  workman  cannot  keep  decent  on  an  in- 
decent wage. 

There  was  no  ignorance  here  concerning  the  pro- 
yisions  of  the  new  accident  law.  But  at  the  same 
time  there  will  be  no  struggle  to  conform  with  its 


i8  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

provisions,  because  of  the  simple  fact  that  for  many 
years  the  Braden  Copper  Company  has  been  doing 
far  more  than  this  law  demands.  Accidents  are 
largely  prevented.  When  they  do  occur,  the  injured 
man  is  given  the  best  of  medical  attention  and,  if 
permanently  disabled,  is  supported  indefinitely  by  the 
company.  Men  who  are  too  old  to  work  are  also  sup- 
ported. The  company  has,  as  Mr.  Graham  expressed 
it,  ''  a  good  many  old  horses  turned  out  to  pasture." 
This  care  of  the  workman  who  has  become  worth- 
less would,  of  course,  be  unique  even  in  North  Amer- 
ica, and  in  South  America  it  has  formerly  been  un- 
heard of. 

Good  houses,  baths,  club-rooms,  libraries,  moving- 
picture  shows,  restaurants,  an  excellent  hospital,  and 
a  well-conducted  store  are  supplied  for  the  comfort 
of  the  workmen. 

''  Whisky  Guards ''  to  Enforce  Prohibition 

A  model  is  set  not  only  for  South  America  but  for 
North  America  in  the  fact  that  the  use  of  liquor  is 
absolutely  prohibited  among  the  workmen  of  this 
company.  Nor  is  this  prohibition  merely  on  paper. 
Fifty  guards,  or  "  whisky  hounds,"  stand  sentinel  on 
the  mountains  round  about  the  camp  watching  for 
"  whisky  runners."  The  methods  used  by  the  whisky 
runners  in  their  attempts  to  smuggle  liquor  into  the 
camp  are  ingenious.  One  day  some  men  were  seen 
carrying  a  tool  chest  into  camp.  Presently  they  were 
seen  carrying  it  out  again.    After  a  time  they  brought 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  IQ 

it  in  again.  Suspicious  guards  stopped  the  party  this 
time  and  examined  the  chest.  It  was  full  of  tools. 
Several  more  trips  were  made  and  then  the  guards 
again  halted  the  party  and  made  a  more  thorough  in- 
vestigation. This  time  they  found  that  the  chest  con- 
tained a  false  bottom  under  which  were  stored  bottles 
of  whisky. 

One  whisky  runner  conceived  the  idea  of  taking 
the  works  out  of  a  Singer  sewing-machine  and  then 
filling  the  machine  with  bags  of  whisky.  Bottles  have 
come  to  camp  concealed  within  large  cabbages,  and  at 
one  time  eighty-four  bottles  were  discovered  in  the 
water-tank  of  a  locomotive.  The  most  common 
method  is  to  wear  a  light  jacket  under  the  coat  and 
fill  the  pockets  of  the  jacket  with  bottles. 

But  although  a  little  liquor  is  brought  in,  the  very 
ingenuity  that  is  required  to  smuggle  it  in  proves  the 
strictness  of  the  rules.  Drunkenness  is  practically  un- 
known. Any  workman  discovered  with  liquor  would 
be  promptly  discharged.  The  American  foremen  and 
superintendents  have  no  special  privileges  in  this  mat- 
ter. One  American  who  considered  the  rules  good 
enough  for  the  Chileans  but  too  good  for  him  came 
to  work  one  morning  with  a  whisky  breath.  He  was 
sent  to  the  United  States  on  the  next  ship. 

Murder  Stays  Out  When  Whisky  Stays  Out 

The  result  of  this  strictness  is  that  the  men  work 
through  all  holidays  and  feast  days  without  a  mur- 
mur,  whereas  these  days  in  other  camps  are  given 


20  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

up  to  idleness  and  wild  debauch.  Although  this 
camp,  like  all  other  mining-camps,  contains  many 
rough  and  criminal  characters  who  have  formerly  had 
much  experience  in  handling  a  knife  or  a  revolver, 
murder  is  extremely  rare,  and  there  is  not  more  than 
one  serious  fight  in  a  year.  Contrast  this  with  the 
situation  in  Rancagua,  a  town  not  more  than  forty 
miles  away,  \vhere  there  are  almost  as  many  murders 
as  there  are  days  in  the  year,  and  where,  along  the 
car  tracks,  one  may  see  shrine  after  shrine  made  of 
Standard  Oil  tins  decorated  with  wreaths  and  crosses 
— inside,  a  candle  or  tin  can  of  oil  with  a  wick  in  it  to 
be  kept  burning  at  night — each  shrine  marking  the 
spot  where  a  murder  has  been  committed. 

The  company  also  encourages  saving.  The  men 
have  been  educated  as  to  the  importance  of  saving 
until  now  approximately  ten  per  cent,  of  the  total 
amount  paid  to  the  men  is  brought  by  them  to  be 
placed  to  their  account  in  the  branch  savings-bank 
fostered  by  the  company.  The  Valparaiso  manager 
of  the  National  Bank  of  Savings  of  Chile  said  later  to 
me :  ''  In  promoting  saving  among  the  working  peo- 
ple, we  get  much  better  cooperation  from  American 
companies  in  Chile  than  from  any  other  source." 

I  asked  the  mine  superintendent  for  his  opinion  of 
Chilean  workmen.  "  Well,"  he  said,  ''  a  man's  ideas 
concerning  the  natives  depends  on  how  long  he  has 
been  here.  During  the  first  three  months  he  swears 
at  them.  After  he  has  been  here  twelve  months  he 
swears  by  them.     When  a  Chilean  distrusts  you  he 


Such  North  American  firms  as  the  Braden  Copper  Company 
are  pioneer  missionaries  to  Chile's  industrial  world.  20,000  peo- 
ple benefit  by  the  welfare  work,  good  wages,  and  short  hours  of 
this  company. 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  21 

will  be  found  very  hard  to  manage.  After  he  comes 
to  have  confidence  in  you  there  is  nothing  in  the 
world  he  won't  do  for  you,  no  matter  how  hard  or 
how  dangerous.  The  more  you  give  these  people 
the  more  they  will  give  you — that's  all.'' 

Missions  Aid  Business  in  Planting  Democracy 

What  cooperation,  if  any,  have  these  American  con- 
cerns had  from  American  missions? 

A  very  definite  piece  of  constructive  work-  in  this 
connection  is  being  carried  on  by  the  American  Insti- 
tute in  La  Paz.  This  school  draws  its  students  from 
two  classes,  the  highest  and  the  lowest,  the  lily- 
fingered  sons  of  Spain  and  the  callous-fisted  Indians. 
To  bring  together  these  two  extreme  classes  and  make 
them  work  in  harmony  and  train  them  both  up  to 
competent  citizenship  is  a  remarkable  achievement. 

Sons  of  wealthy  deputies  and  leading  citizens  of 
Bolivia  who  attend  the  school  are  not  only  learning 
how  to  use  their  hands.  They  are  learning  to  appre- 
ciate the  Indian.  They  are  making  remarkable  dis- 
coveries as  to  the  character  of  these  people  whom  they 
have  thought  to  be  nothing  better  than  a  race  of 
slaves. 

One  Indian  boy  came  to  the  school  followed  by  his 
father,  who,  not  being  able  to  afiford  to  hire  a  donkey, 
carried  the  lad's  trunk  on  his  own  back.  That  boy, 
at  the  end  of  the  year,  took  first  honors  in  English, 
forging  ahead  of  all  his  fellow  students.  An- 
other Indian  boy  joined  the  Institute  football  team. 


22  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

When  he  appeared  in  football  clothes  to  take  part  in 
the  game  with  a  rival  school,  there  were  roars  of  de- 
rision from  the  crowd  that  had  gathered  to  see  the 
match.  The  Indian  paid  no  attention  and  the  game 
beg^an.  Soon  the  taunts  of  the  crowd  were  changed 
to  shouts  of  applause.  There  was  not  another  man  on 
either  team  who  played  a  better  game  than  the  Indian 
half-back,  and  when  the  match  was  over  he  had  won 
a  new  respect,  not  only  for  himself,  but  for  his  race. 
Three  years  later  this  Indian  graduated  from  the  com- 
mercial department  with  first  honors. 

Mission  Graduates  Are  Bolivia's  Future  Leaders 

From  the  Institute's  remarkable  commercial  depart- 
ment (commerce  was  formerly  a  thing  in  which  no 
young  man  with  a  waxed  mustache  could  be  induced 
to  engage)  men  go  out  who  are  beginning  to  lead  the 
business  life  of  the  country.  They  are  stepping  into 
positions  of  trust  at  salaries  which  make  older  men 
blink  with  envy.  One  lad  who,  upon  graduation,  was 
given  work  by  the  Bolivian  Railway  Company  has 
had  his  salary  multiplied  by  seventeen  in  less  than 
three  years,  and  the  process  of  multiplication  shows  no 
sign  of  abating.  Other  graduates  in  the  employ  of  the 
same  company,  on  account  of  their  fine  training,  are 
forging  ahead  almost  as  rapidly. 

One  day  a  number  of  the  older  employees  of  this 
firm  made  a  protest  to  the  manager  concerning  the 
"  favoritism  "  that  was  being  shown  to  these  young 
upstarts.     The  manager  explained  that  there  was  no 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  23 

favoritism.  These  young  men  knew  their  jobs.  It 
was  simply  plain  business  sense  to  push  such  workers 
ahead. 

And  to  one  of  the  missionary  professors  of  the 
American  Institute  this  manager  said : 

''  I  have  been  in  the  railroad  business  in  Peru, 
Chile,  and  Bolivia  for  fifteen  years.  Excepting  men 
whom  I  have  brought  over  from  England,  I  have 
never  found  help  to  equal  the  boys  the  American  In- 
stitute has  sent  me.  I  should  like  to  fill  my  office 
with  such  boys.  I  will  take  every  one  you  can  recom- 
mend from  your  graduating  class  this  year,  even  if  I 
have  to  hold  some  of  them  on  salary  until  I  can  find 
places  for  them." 

Likewise  in  the  commercial  houses,  banks,  and 
mines,  the  manager  who  can  land  a  graduate  of  the 
American  Institute  is  regarded  as  fortunate.  The  de- 
mand for  graduates  is  far  greater  than  the  school  can 
possibly  fill. 

Suiting  Education  to  the  Needs  of  the  Country 

Of  special  interest  is  the  scientific  training  afforded 
by  the  school.  Bolivia  is  preeminently  a  mining  coun- 
try. Therefore  the  chemistry  and  physics  in  the  In- 
stitute are  not  like  those  found  in  the  schools  of  the 
United  States  but  are  a  chemistry  and  physics  defi- 
nitely appHed  to  the  mining  industry.  The  analysis  of 
ores  is  a  constant  subject  for  laboratory  experiment. 
Geological  expeditions  are  made  to  the  near-by  moun- 
tains.    Every  boy  who  takes  these  subjects  gets  a 


24  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

working  knowledge  of  tungsten,  wolfram,  tin,  copper, 
silver,  and  gold,  and  the  graduates  of  such  training 
will  set  a  new  pace  among  the  native  mining  experts 
and  assayers  of  the  country. 

The  director  of  the  Institute  has  a  dramatic  dream 
for  the  future.  At  present  Bolivia  has  almost  no 
native  manufactures.  She  exports  her  wool  to  Eng- 
land, where  it  is  made  up  into  clothing  and  returned 
to  Bolivia.  Consequently  a  man  in  Bolivia  must  pay 
fifty  dollars  for  a  suit  of  clothes  that  would  not  have 
cost  more  than  fifteen  dollars  if  it  could  have  been 
made  inside  the  country.  It  is  so  with  tin,  copper, 
iron,  silver,  leather,  rubber,  and  other  materials. 
They  are  all  exported  and  later  received  back  in  manu- 
factured form  at  ruinous  prices. 

The  idea  of  the  director  is  to  teach  some  particular 
industry  as,  for  example,  soap  making,  and  then  es- 
tablish the  graduates  of  this  course  in  the  soap  busi- 
ness. This,  if  successful,  would  mean  the  end  of 
paying  sixty  cents  for  soap  which  ought  to  cost  not 
more  than  twenty  cents.  Likewise  the  manufacture  of 
garments,  shoes,  metal-ware,  and  of  many  other  neces- 
sities might  gradually  be  added  to  the  list  of  native 
industries  through  this  method. 

If  the  American  Institute  can  send  out  young  men 
trained  to  think  of  all  men  as  their  brothers,  trained 
in  Christian  ideals  and  scientific  methods  and  the  co- 
related  use  of  mind  and  hand,  the  democratizing  in- 
fluence exerted  by  American  companies  will  be 
strongly  reenforced. 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  25 

Welfare  Work  Serves  Both  Church  and  Industry 

A  missionary  by  the  name  of  Foster,  stationed  at 
Arequipa,  Peru,  observed  that  young  workingmen  had 
no  place  to  spend  their  evenings  except  in  the  cantinas 
and  vicious  resorts.  Accordingly,  he  started  a  club 
for  them  and  soon  had  a  membership  of  more  than 
sixty.  His  club  was  a  recreation  center,  but  it  was 
more  than  that.  He  made  it  a  place  where  character 
should  be  trained  and  studious  habits  cultivated. 
Forga  and  Company,  cotton  manufacturers,  employed 
one  of  the  boys  and  found  him  so  studious  that  finally 
they  asked  him  where  he  had  obtained  his  training. 
He  told  them  of  Foster's  club.  Representatives  of  the 
company  came  to  Mr.  Foster  and  made  arrangements 
to  secure  the  services  of  twenty  more  of  the  boys. 
They  were  taken  into  permanent  employment,  and  an 
adobe  room  near  the  factory  was  built,  lighted,  and 
equipped  for  them  to  use  as  a  club  room.  There 
they  are  continuing  their  studies,  and  as  rapidly  as 
Mr.  Foster  can  develop  new  boys  in  character  and 
integrity,  Forga  and  Company  are  only  too  glad  to 
receive  them. 

The  direct  Christian  reaction  of  such  work  may  be 
seen  in  the  fact  that  in  this  city,  where  it  has  been 
extremely  difficult  to  win  any  converts,  Mr.  Foster  has 
taken  eight  new  members  into  the  church  during  the 
past  year.  Five  of  these  had  been  members  of  his 
club.  Even  greater  significance  lies  in  the  fact  that 
every  boy  who  passed  through  that  club,  even  though 


26  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

he  did  not  actually  join  the  church,  had  his  character 
strongly  influenced  and  molded  after  the  Christian 
pattern  and  will  carry  the  effects  into  the  industrial 
life  of  Peru. 

In  Valparaiso,  the  Young  Men's  Christian  Associa- 
tion and  a  large  Presbyterian  school  are  carrying  on 
many  interesting  activities,  one  of  them  being  a  night 
school  for  domestic  servants.  Household  drudges 
who  have  not  even  known  how  to  hold  a  pencil  are 
being  trained  for  positions  of  independence.  Also 
the  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  holds  courses 
of  lectures  for  workingmen,  treating  such  practical 
subjects  as  thrift,  home  buying,  home  making,  sanita- 
tion, civic  responsibility,  and  other  subjects  of  a  simi- 
lar nature. 

The  Santiago  College  for  Girls,  in  which  the  daugh- 
ters of  the  finest  families  of  Chile  are  enrolled,  is  teach- 
ing the  dignity  of  work.  The  Instituto  Ingles  of 
Santiago  and  the  Ward  School,  of  Buenos  Aires,  and 
similar  schools  elsewhere  furnish  good  commercial 
training.  Also  in  Buenos  Aires  the  Salvation  Army 
and  some  splendid  institutional  churches  are  doing  a 
large  work  among  the  poorer  classes  of  workers.  Five 
thousand  children  whose  families  are  too  poor  to  af- 
ford them  an  education  are  being  trained  by  a  splen- 
did Anglican  missionary,  Mr.  William  Morris,  who, 
through  academic  and  trade  schools,  is  lifting  at  least 
this  part  of  the  new  generation  into  competence  and 
self-reliance.  Christian  love  is  the  driving  power  of 
the  enterprise  and  is  bound  to  be  carried  over  into  the 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  2-} 

industry  and  trade  of  Argentina  through  the  Hves 
of  the  graduates  of  this  school. 

A  Human  Dynamo  of  Service 

In  beautiful  Rio  de  Janeiro  there  is  a  remarkable 
example  of  what  missions  may  do  to  better  the  lot 
of  the  workers.  Dr.  H.  C.  Tucker,  a  modest,  plain 
dynamo  of  a  man,  went  to  Brazil  as  agent  for  the 
American  Bible  Society.  He  did  good  work  in  that 
connection,  but  that  work  was  not  enough  for  him. 
The  slums  of  Rio  de  Janeiro,  where  many  of  the  un- 
>5killed  workers  of  the  city  live,  got  on  his  conscience. 
Finally  he  opened  a  mission  hall  there  and  held  evan- 
gelistic services.  This  led  him  to  begin  to  study  the 
social  conditions  of  the  working  people. 

The  first  thing  that  struck  Dr.  Tucker,  as  a  result 
of  his  investigations,  was  the  prevalence  of  tuberculo- 
sis. So  he  printed  a  card  dealing  with  tuberculosis 
and  had  it  distributed  broadcast.  Then  he  sent  to 
Josiah  Strong  and  got  an  illustrated  lecture  on  the 
disease,  which  he  gave  in  his  mission  hall.  Impressed 
by  the  lecture,  the  president  of  the  board  of  health 
asked  Dr.  Tucker  to  deliver  it  in  all  the  public  schools 
and  public  squares  of  the  city,  which  he  did,  telling  his 
story  and  showing  his  pictures  to  tens  of  thousands. 
Finally  an  anti-tuberculosis  association  was  started  in 
connection  with  the  board  of  health,  and  Dr.  Tucker's 
dispensary  was  given  a  government  appropriation  to 
help  in  an  organized  campaign  against  the  disease. 

The  vista  of  need  among  the  laboring  classes  led 


28  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

Dr.  Tucker  into  a  great  many  other  lines  of  endeavor. 
He  started  a  day-school  in  the  slum  district.  He  put 
in  not  only  the  *'  three  R's,"  but  a  daily  tooth-brush 
drill  and  some  vigorous  courses  in  physical  exercise. 
But  somehow  his  teachers  were  unable  to  get  a  quick 
intellectual  and  moral  response  from  the  children. 
The  little  tots  were  as  limp  as  wilted  flowers. 

This  perplexed  Dr.  Tucker  until  he  thought  to  in- 
vestigate the  meals  of  his  students.  He  found  that 
most  of  the  children  were  trying  to  get  through  the 
day  on  a  cup  of  black  coffee  and  a  pickle!  No  won- 
der they  reacted  like  rusty  hinges  instead  of  like  steel 
springs  which  children  usually  simulate.  So  he  insti- 
tuted a  noon  lunch  of  whole-wheat  mush  with  milk 
and  sugar. 

At  the  end  of  a  month  the  school  children  showed 
an  average  increase  in  weight  of  two  and  a  fifth 
pounds,  the  general  physical  condition  was  better,  and 
• — what  was  more  important — the  teachers  reported  an 
improvement  in  response  that  was  nothing  short  of 
remarkable. 

There  was  a  playground  in  connection  with  the 
school,  but  its  cement  pavement  was  too  hard  for  the 
children's  thinly-soled  feet.  The  ingenious  mission- 
ary decided  on  a  mixture  of  asphalt,  cork,  and  sand, 
which  would  make  a  soft,  springy  pavement.  He 
went  to  a  paving  concern,  but  their  price  was  prohibi- 
tive. So  he  visited  the  manager  of  the  Anglo- 
Mexican  Products  Company,  and  that  worthy,  as  soon 
as  he  had  grasped  the  sensibleness  of  Tucker's  enter- 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  29 

prise,  contributed  two  tons  of  asphalt.  Another  firm 
likewise  contributed  the  cork,  another  the  sand,  an- 
other the  coal  for  fuel,  and  still  another  laid  the  pave- 
ment without  charging  a  penny! 

Bra^irs  First  Public  Playground  Work  of  Missionary 

It  was  not  long  after  this  that  he  scandalized  the 
mayor  and  the  superintendent  of  parks  with  the  sug- 
gestion that  a  large  portion  of  the  city  park,  which 
was  fenced  in  with  iron  rails  and  protected  with  "  keep 
off  the  grass "  signs,  should  be  thrown  open  and 
equipped  as  a  playground  and  athletic  field  for  the 
use  of  the  workers  of  Rio. 

When  they  got  over  their  shock — for  a  park  in 
Brazil  has  traditionally  been  a  thing  to  look  at,  not 
to  use — the  mayor  and  superintendent  pulled  up  at 
Tucker's  door  in  their  most  de  luxe  auto,  sumptuously 
whirled  him  to  the  park,  allowed  him  to  select  one  of 
the  choicest  tracts,  and  promised  it  to  him — on  one 
condition. 

The  condition  was  that  he  should  equip  it!  That 
meant  swings,  chutes,  bars,  tennis  outfits,  apparatus 
for  football,  baseball,  basket-ball,  and  other  outing 
games,  for  Tucker's  plans  were  by  no  means  as  modest 
as  the  man  himself. 

But  how  could  a  poor  missionary  handle  this  expen- 
sive task? 

Tucker  saw  some  men  tearing  up  the  street-car 
tracks.     He  went  to  the  manager  of  the  light  and 


30  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

power  company  and  said :  **  May  I  have  the  old  rails  ?  " 

The  manager  evinced  interest.  What  v^^ere  these 
old  rails  wanted  for?  Swing  supports  and  apparatus 
for  an  athletic  field?  Pshaw,  they  weren't  good 
enough.  Only  the  best  that  money  could  buy  were 
good  enough. 

"  But  I  have  no  money  to  buy  them,"  Tucker  ex- 
plained. 

"  Well,  what  equipment  is  needed  ?  " 

"  I  can  show  you  in  a  Spalding  catalog." 

"Bring  it  in." 

The  catalog  was  brought  in.  A  little  later  the  man- 
ager took  a  trip  to  New  York.  When  he  came  back 
he  brought  with  him  the  receipt  for  seven  hundred 
and  forty  dollars'  worth  of  the  finest  apparatus  obtain- 
able in  New  York  City — paid  for  out  of  his  own 
pocket. 

The  apparatus  was  installed,  dedication  day  was  an- 
nounced, the  crowds  gathered,  the  Brazilian  flag  was 
unfurled,  the  band  played,  the  mayor  made  a  speech, 
and  the  first  public  playground  in  Brazil  was  opened. 

A  well-to-do  man  who  had  been  present  at  the  dedi- 
cation met  Tucker  on  the  street. 

"What's  your  purpose  in  all  this?"  he  asked. 

"  My  purpose  is  to  save  men  for  Jesus  Christ — and 
I  believe  Christ  came  to  save  the  entire  man,  body 
as  well  as  soul." 

"  Where  do  you  get  the  money  ?  " 

"  I  have  none,  it  comes  in  voluntary  contributions." 

"  The  next  time  you  want  to  start  anything  like 


0 
THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  31 

this,"  said  the  man,  as  he  walked  away,  *'  let  me  know. 
I  never  understood  missions  before." 

The  playground  was  a  tremendous  success.  And 
now  Tucker's  help  has  been  enlisted  in  planning  play- 
grounds to  be  organized  in  connection  with  all  the 
public  schools. 

He  Believes  in  Saving  Both  Body  and  Soul 

It  would  be  impossible  here  to  tell  adequately  of  all 
this  man's  activities.  He  has  kept  in  mind  the  need 
of  the  workers  for  good  food,  good  clothing,  and  good 
training.  Accordingly  he  has  established  a  cooking 
school  with  gas  stoves  donated  by  the  gas  company! 
A  sewing  school  with  machines  donated  by  the  Singer 
sewing-machine  company!  A  typewriting  school 
with  typewriters  donated  by  the  Remington  com- 
pany! 

Because  of  the  fact  that  Brazil's  public  school  sys- 
tem is  still  so  incomplete  that  illiteracy  runs  over 
seventy  per  cent.,  and  the  great  majority  of  the  work- 
ing people  never  have  an  opportunity  to  improve  their 
condition  through  education,  Dr.  Tucker  has  secured 
the  organization  of  an  educational  association,  the  pur- 
pose of  which  is  to  obtain  funds  from  wealthy  Brazil- 
ians and  establish  schools  in  quarters  not  reached  by 
the  public  schools. 

Screenless  Rio  is  now  receiving  its  first  education 
with  regard  to  the  fly  as  a  carrier  of  disease.  Form- 
erly people  didn't  care  whether  the  fly  wiped  his  feet 
before  coming  into  the  house  or  not.     Even  meat  and 


32  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

provision  shops  were  unprotected.  Through  the 
board  of  health,  Dr.  Tucker  has  projected  an  educa- 
tional campaign  that  is  already  bringing  about  a  radi- 
cal change  of  sentiment  toward  the  fly. 

He  has  also  made  a  first  move  in  the  face  of  the 
appalling  infant  mortality  of  Brazil  by  publishing  and 
distributing  by  the  thousands  a  simple  statement  of  in- 
structions for  mothers  on  the  care  of  infants. 

And  he  has  recently  begun,  with  the  aid  of  a  corps 
of  trained  workers,  an  investigation  of  industries  in 
Brazil;  and  such  subjects  as  hours  of  work,  wages, 
child  labor,  woman  labor,  working  conditions,  and 
workers'  homes  are  receiving  attention. 

Many  a  man  who  "  never  understood  missions  be- 
fore "  has  come  to  believe  thoroughly  in  all  that 
Tucker  represents.  He  has  captured  the  devotion  of 
the  people;  they  love  him  more  than  the  most  beauti- 
fully carved  saint  in  the  cathedral;  they  are  ready  to 
follow  him  in  anything  he  may  suggest,  and  the  name 
"  missionary  "  has  a  tender  and  honored  significance 
in  the  city  of  Rio  de  Janeiro. 

Grenfell  of  Labrador  once  said :  "  When  you  set 
out  to  commend  your  gospel  to  men  who  don't  want 
it,  there  is  only  one  way  to  go  about  it — do  something 
for  them  that  they'll  understand." 

Missions  and  Industry  Must  Cooperate 

American  industries  and  American  missions  are  do- 
ing things   for  the  South  Americans  that  they  can 


THE  HAND  CLASP  OF  NEIGHBORS  33 

understand.  The  genuine  warmth  and  helpfulness  in 
the  North  American  hand  clasp  is  felt  and  appre- 
ciated by  our  neighbor  of  the  South.  One  result  is 
the  beginning  of  a  revolution  in  the  attitude  of  the 
people  toward  Protestant  missions.  When  they  see 
a  missionary,  they  no  longer  begin  to  look  for  his 
horns.  The  day  of  stiff  opposition  is  passing  and 
the  missionaries  have  not  only  themselves  to  thank, 
but  they  must  thank  the  men  who  have  guided  the 
policies  of  the  great  North  American  industries  in 
South  America. 

There  should  be  larger  cooperation  between  the  in- 
dustrial and  the  missionary  forces.  If  the  missionary 
boards  really  desire  to  better  the  lot  of  the  workers, 
they  might  well  join  in  the  appointment  of  a  publicity 
agent  who  should  keep  the  newspapers  of  the  conti- 
nent supplied  with  stories  of  the  most  advanced  wel- 
fare methods,  in  conjunction  with  stories  of  the  value 
of  Christian  character  in  industry.  Many  good- 
hearted  native  employers  would  be  quick  to  introduce 
up-to-date  methods  of  betterment  if  they  knew  just 
how  to  go  about  it.  Other  employers,  not  so  good- 
hearted,  would  respond  if  the  example  of  others  com- 
bined with  the  pressure  of  public  sentiment  through 
the  press  were  brought  to  bear  upon  them. 

South  America  stands  in  great  need  of  labor  legis- 
lation. There  are  no  adequate  laws  for  the  protec- 
tion of  the  workers.  It  is  not  the  business  of  the  mis- 
sionary to  go  into  politics  and  lobby  for  better  laws. 
It  is,  however,  his  business  to  be  intelligent  on  labor 


34  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

questions,  to  encourage  publicly  those  employers,  either 
native  or  foreign,  who  are  stepping  ahead  of  their 
time,  to  make  widely  known  for  the  benefit  of  others 
any  good  thing  that  is  done,  and  to  spread  a  democratic 
Christianity,  of  which  Christian  legislation  will  in 
time  be  the  natural  outcome. 


II 


LAND  OF  CHERRY  BLOSSOMS  AND  SMOKE 
STACKS 


II 


LAND  OF  CHERRY  BLOSSOMS  AND  SMOKE 
STACKS 

We  have  been  accustomed  to  think  of  Japan  as  a 
land  of  cherry  blossoms,  wistaria,  Fujiyama,  and  the 
quaint  kimono;  but  it  is  becoming  increasingly  neces- 
sary to  think  of  Japaji  as  a  land  of  smoke  stacks. 

Thirty-four  years  ago  there  were  about  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty-five  modern  factories  in  Japan.  At 
the  present  time  there  are  at  least  twenty  thousand. 
At  that  period  these  factories  employed  perhaps  fif- 
teen thousand  people.  To-day  more  than  one  million 
men,  women,  and  children  are  working  in  the  mills 
and  factories  of  modern  Japan. 

In  one  year  the  United  States  buys  seven  million 
tooth-brushes  from  Japan,  eight  hundred  thousand 
table-cloths,  two  hundred  and  thirty-three  m.illion  ci- 
garet  mouthpieces,  sixty-seven  million  paper  napkins, 
two  million  imitation  Panama  hats,  and  millions  of 
dollars'  worth  of  silk.  As  Europe  has  little  time  at 
present  to  devote  to  world  trade,  Japan  has  taken  up 
the  task,  and  her  salesmen  are  penetrating  China, 
Malaysia,  India,  Africa,  South  and  North  America, 
and  they  are  selling  every  conceivable  sort  of  manu- 
factured articles  from  toys  to  hypodermic  syringes. 

37 


38  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

In  the  chemical  industry  alone  the  Japanese  have 
learned  to  make  forty  products  which  they  had  to  im- 
port before  the  war. 

The  development  of  manufacturing  in  Japan 
brought  about  so  largely  by  the  present  war,  has 
caused  an  invasion  of  the  peaceful  valleys  by  innumer- 
able electric  power  plants.  One  of  the  plants  estab- 
lished on  the  Nippashi  River  is  said  to  be  the  largest 
in  the  Orient.  Experts  from  Switzerland,  Germany, 
England,  and  America  were  engaged  to  install  the 
machinery,  which  included  six  10,000  horse-power 
dynamos.  Mushroom-like  growths  of  small  towns 
cluster  about  the  different  plants  where  small  factories 
take  advantage  of  the  cheap  power  for  chemicals,  zinc, 
and  for  many  other  industries. 

War-made  Fortunes 

The  result  of  this  enormous  stimulation  to  Japan's 
industry  is  that  war-time  millionaires  or  narikin,  as 
these  newly  rich  are  called  in  Japan,  are  springing  up 
overnight  in  astonishing  numbers.  A  Japanese  pub- 
lication says :  "  The  so-called  narikin  are  making  their 
objectionable  presence  knov^'n  in  every  way.  Fine 
mansions  are  being  built,  motor-cars  are  racing,  geisha 
are  attired  more  gaily,  and  summer  resorts  are 
crowded  with  those  *  who  spend  money  like  water.'  " 

A  noted  ryoriya  (Japanese  restaurant)  in  Kobe  is 
said  to  have  refused  to  serve  any  dinner  below  fifty 
yen  (twenty-five  dollars)  a  head. 

It  is  the  day  of  big  profits.    A  Japanese  steamship 


CHERRY  BLOSSOMS  AND  SMOKE  STACKS    39 

company  has  recently  declared  dividends  of  three  hun- 
dred and  sixty  per  cent.  A  metal  refining  company 
has  declared  two  hundred  per  cent.  It  is  stated  that 
Japan  now  holds  three  hundred  and  fifty  million  dol- 
lars in  gold.  Japan,  consequently,  is  not  only  expand- 
ing her  manufactures  and  her  trade,  but  is  commenc- 
ing to  lend  capital  to  other  countries. 

What  of  the  people  who  make  these  toys,  tooth- 
brushes, and  silk  goods  on  which  the  sudden  wealth 
of  Japan  is  based?  Do  they  share  in  the  new  proS" 
perity  of  their  country?  The  answer  lies  in  the  sim- 
ple statement  that  the  average  wage  of  men  factory 
workers  is  between  thirty  and  fifty  cents  a  day,  and 
of  women  workers  between  ten  and  twenty  cents  a 
day !  Moreover,  in  many  factories  the  cost  of  dormi- 
tory accommodations  is  taken  from  the  wages,  and  a 
system  of  fines  still  further  reduces  the  amount  actu- 
ally paid.  The  result  is  that  factory  workers,  instead 
of  making  and  saving  money,  are  frequently  left  not 
only  penniless,  but  in  debt  to  the  factory  at  the  end 
of  a  few  months.  No,  the  factory  population  cannot 
be  said  to  be  deeply  appreciative  of  the  industrial  op- 
portunity afforded  to  Japan  by  the  war.  Japanese 
country  life  is  being  swept  into  the  cities;  it  is  put 
through  the  mills  and  comes  out  warped  and  colorless. 
Often  it  is  completely  destroyed  in  the  process.  It  is 
estimated  that  every  year  a  third  of  a  million  people 
are  brought  from  the  freedom  and  healthful  condi- 
tions of  the  country  to  the  congested  factory  quarters 
of  the  city. 


40  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

The  World-wide  Lure  of  the  City 

Agents  of  the  factories  scour  the  rural  districts  for 
recruits.  The  ignorant  lads  and  girls  of  the  country- 
side are  told  of  the  wonders  of  the  city, — the  great 
buildings,  the  parks,  the  theaters,  the  moving-picture 
shows,  the  festivals  and  celebrations.  Promises  are 
made  concerning  fine  wages,  short  hours,  good  treat- 
ment, and  so  on,  promises  which  in  most  cases  are 
never  fulfilled.  One  can  almost  sympathize  with  the 
agents,  for  theirs  is  a  tremendous  and  difficult  task, 
the  task  of  refilling  the  ranks  of  thousands  who  are 
annually  ground  to  pieces  by  the  factory  system.  Any 
one  district  is  likely  to  be  exhausted  of  girls  in  three 
years;  and  a  Japanese  authority  states  that  the  sup- 
ply is  now  beginning  to  run  out  all  over  the  country. 

So  great  is  the  scarcity  of  labor  that  now,  according 
to  the  Japan  Weekly  Mail,  actual  kidnaping  methods 
are  sometimes  employed;  and  an  account  of  the  method 
resorted  to  is  given  in  the  following  extract : 

"  The  metropolitan  police  have  recently  learned 
that  kidnapers  have  been  selling  children  to  various 
factories  at  the  price  of  five  or  six  yen  each.  .  This 
revelation  came  through  the  finding  of  two  children 
wandering  in  Honjo,  about  a  fortnight  ago.  When 
the  two  children,  both  eleven  years  old,  were  found 
by  the  police,  it  was  ascertained  that  they  had  both 
been  kidnaped  in  Akita  prefecture,  and  were  sold  to 
a  factory  in  Honjo  for  five  yen  a  head.  The  two  boys 
escaped  from  the  factory  and  were  wandering  in  the 
streets  when  they  were  discovered  by  the  police. 


CHERRY  BLOSSOMS  AND  SMOKE  STACKS         41 

**  It  is  reported  that  many  young  men  have  been 
brought  to  Tokyo  by  kidnapers  and,  although  not  bad 
when  they  first  arrive  in  the  capital,  they  mingle  with 
youths  of  bad  reputation,  especially  after  their  escape 
from  the  factories  to  which  they  have  been  sold." 

Conditions  in  Japan's  Factories 

Many  factories  are  little  better  than  prisons.; 
Dormitories  are  erected  within  the  factory  grounds, 
and  the  workers  are  kept  under  strict  observation  and 
rarely  are  able  to  make  good  an  escape.  But  if  fac- 
tory life  is  so  alluring  and  delightful  as  the  agents 
have  made  it  appear,  why  should  any  one  wish  to  es- 
cape it? 

Let  us  dissect  this  delightfulness.  First,  there  is 
the  matter  of  hours.  The  large  cotton-mills  run  in 
two  shifts  day  and  night,  so  that  each  worker  has  a 
working  period  of  about  twelve  hours.  In  the  silk 
factories  and  in  the  weaving  factories  the  hours  are 
even  more  extreme,  running  from  twelve  to  sixteen  a 
day.  Rest  periods  and  meal  periods  are  cut  short. 
Thirty  minutes  is  nominally  allowed  for  lunch;  but  it 
would  be  a  courageous  worker  who  would  dare  to 
displease  the  foreman  by  taking  so  long  a  time.  Lunch 
is  frequently  eaten  during  five  or  seven  minutes  while 
standing,  or  without  even  leaving  the  running  ma- 
chine. Of  course  the  brunt  of  this  regime  falls  hard- 
est upon  the  women  and  children.  Little  girls,  scarcely 
in  their  teens,  must  rise  every  day  at  four-thirty  and 
work  from  six  in  the  morning  to  six  in  the  evening; 


42  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

and,  when  the  pressure  of  war  orders  is  heavy,  up 
to  eight  or  nine  or  ten  o'clock  at  night.  Such  a  prac- 
tise is  of  course  absolutely  ruinous  to  health. 

Nor  are  the  conditions  of  work  entirely  delightful. 
Many  of  the  factories  are  dark,  crowded,  poorly  ven- 
tilated, excessively  hot;  and  in  the  cotton-mills  the 
air  is  generally  filled  with  tuberculosis-provoking  dust, 
and  modern  methods  of  artificial  moisture  to  arrest 
the  dust  are  not  commonly  employed.  Little  provision 
is  made  for  the  cleanliness  or  comfort  of  the  em- 
ployees, except  in  the  best  m.ills.  Accidents  are  fre- 
quent, because  of  the  lack  of  proper  safety  devices. 
One  factory  in  Osaka  with  a  thousand  employees  has 
had  an  average  of  fifty  accidents  daily.  Girls  are 
often  subjected  to  rough  and  insulting  treatment  at 
the  hands  of  foremen.  There  are,  of  course,  some 
men  who  do  try  to  take  care  of  the  workers  under 
their  supervision. 

Other  troubles  arise.  Take  for  instance  the  dubious 
delightfulness  of  the  new  housing  conditions  for  this 
third  of  a  million  people,  annually,  who  have  been  ac- 
customed to  the  open  life  of  the  country.  In  most 
Japanese  factories  the  dormitory  system  prevails;  the 
operators  are  thus  kept  in  barracks  within  the  factory 
compound.  From  ten  to  thirty  operators  sleep  in  a 
single  room. 

Tuberculosis   Toll  Is  Heavy  in  'Japanese  Industries 

"  In  the  smaller  factories,"  reads  a  report  of  an  in- 
vestigation of  factory  conditions  made  by  Galen  M. 


CHERRY  BLOSSOMS  AND  SMOKE  STACKS         43 

Fisher,  "  the  sleeping  rooms  are  frequently  upstairs 
over  the  noise,  steam,  and  foul  air  of  the  factory  itself. 
Although  the  large  cotton  factories  allow  a  little  more 
space  per  girl  than  the  smaller  factories,  hygienically 
considered,  they  are  the  worst  of  all.  This  arises  from 
the  fact  that  the  girls  are  divided  into  day  and  night 
shifts;  both  use  the  same  rooms  and  bedding  from 
one  year's  end  to  another.  Furthermore,  in  winter 
the  bedding  is  so  thin  that  the  girls  have  to  sleep  close 
together  and  share  quilts  to  keep  warm.  The  frequent 
change  of  personnel  results  in  the  same  bedding  being 
used  by  several  different  girls  in  the  course  of  a  year. 
Since  the  night  shift  sleep  in  the  day  they  shut  the 
blinds,  and  consequently  the  bedding  is  rarely  if  ever 
sunned.  Inevitably  tuberculosis  and  skin  diseases  are 
transmitted  from  one  person  and  generation  to  an- 
other." 

This  treatment  is  not  confined  to  the  women  work- 
ers of  Japan.  A  description  of  the  appalling  condi- 
tions among  the  men  employed  for  the  work  on  one 
of  the  new  power-plants  is  given  by  the  Rev.  Chris- 
topher Noss.  "  The  contractor  sublet  the  job  to  con- 
scienceless exploiters  of  labor  of  the  type  of  those  who 
have  built  the  railroads  through  the  lonely  wilder- 
nesses of  Japan.  Men  out  of  a  job  were  gathered  in 
Tokyo  by  means  of  fine  promises  of  big  wages  and 
easy  work  and  sent  to  Odera  in  carload  lots.  Arriv- 
ing, they  were  handed  over  to  bosses  armed  with  stout 
staves,  and  put  to  digging.  Many,  being  unaccus- 
tomed to  the  work,  fainted  and  were  beaten  to  death, 


44  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

their  bodies  were  thrown  into  the  fills  or  bundled 
into  cement  kegs  and  buried  in  the  mountains.  Their 
food  was  vile.  At  night  their  clothes  were  taken 
from  them  and  they  were  penned  up.  In  order  to 
discourage  desertion  the  contractor  paid  them,  not  in 
cash,  but  in  tickets,  making  such  generous  deductions 
for  expenses  that  the  portion  remaining  to  the  laborer 
amounted  to  three  and  a  half  cents  a  day  (ordinary 
wages  for  such  work  being  from  thirty  to  forty  cents 
without  board).  There  was  a  constant  ebb  of  the 
man-power  through  desertion,  death,  suicide,  and  de- 
liberate murder  by  the  bosses,  and  almost  every  other 
day  a  fresh  carload  of  fifty  was  brought  in.  An  un- 
successful attempt  to  escape  meant  almost  certain 
death.  Yet  refugees  came  in  every  day  to  Wakamatsu 
on  the  one  side  and  Sukagawa  on  the  other.  One 
poor  fellow  dropped  dead  in  Wakamatsu  City  Hall 
before  he  could  tell  his  tale.  Scores  perished  before 
the  authorities  could  get  their  red  tape  unwound  and 
begin  to  take  notice.  Some  one  said  that  about  three 
hundred  had  been  done  to  death,  but  a  Christian 
physician  who  had  been  sent  to  Odera  to  deal  with 
an  epidemic  of  cholera  that  naturally  broke  out  in 
the  camps,  estimated  the  number  at  one  hundred,  more 
or  less."  ^ 

What  are  the  results,  on  the  whole,  of  this  taste 
of  the  allurement  and  delights  of  the  city?  Sixty  per 
cent,  of  those  recruited  from  the  country  districts 
never  return  home.     Broken   in  health   and   morals, 

^  Rev.  Christopher  Noss,  Tohoku,  the  Scotland  of  Japan,  38. 


These  girls  work  twelve  hours  a  day  with  men  overseers. 
Starvation  wages  keep  them  so  much  in  debt  that  they  are  prac- 
tically slaves  to  the  factory. 


CHERRY  BLOSSOMS  AND  SMOKE  STACKS    45 

they  drift  from  one  factory  to  another;  and  many  of 
the  women  go  sooner  or  later  into  prostitution.  Of 
those  who  do  return  home,  one  out  of  every  six  has 
contracted  tuberculosis.  This  dreadful  disease  is  be- 
ing introduced  by  returning  factory  workers  into 
rural  districts  where  it  has  heretofore  been  almost 
unknown.  The  death-rate  among  factory  women  is 
almost  three  times  as  high  as  the  ordinary  death-rate 
among  women.  In  the  great  manufacturing  city  of 
Osaka  the  number  of  deaths  equals  the  number  of 
births.  It  is  said  that  more  Japanese  die  of  tubercu- 
losis in  one  year  than  were  killed  in  the  war  between 
Russia  and  Japan. 

Japan's  Industry  Has  a  Sorry  Harvest 

Drunkenness  and  crime  are  common  among  the 
factory  population,  as  they  are  among  underpaid,  un- 
derfed, physically  weakened  people  the  w^orld  over. 
The  houses  of  prostitution  are  filled  with  one-time  fac- 
tory girls.  Young  men  are  taught  to  gamble,  and  the 
wages  of  a  month  disappear  in  a  single  night.  It  was 
revealed  that  half  of  the  girls  arrested  by  the  police 
of  Osaka  in  19 12  had  formerly  worked  in  factories. 

Such  is  the  harvest  in  disease,  crime,  and  death  in 
Japan's  haphazard  industry.  Japan  has  adopted 
Western  methods  of  manufacture  but  has  stopped 
short  at  that.  She  has  not  yet  gone  very  far  toward 
accepting  modern  view-points  as  to  the  protection  and 
care  of  workers.  She  has  not  yet  fully  realized  that 
her  workers  are  her  greatest  asset  and  that  they  must 


46  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

be  kept  sound  and  strong  if  Japan  is  to  continue  her 
industrial  advance. 

We  have  reviewed  the  factory  problem  in  general, 
but  it  may  be  of  interest  to  notice  certain  peculiar 
manifestations  of  this  problem  in  various  separate 
industries.  Delighted  with  the  mechanical  processes 
which  are  yielding  them  such  large  returns,  it  will 
take  time  for  the  factory  owners  of  Japan  to  learn 
the  peculiar  perils  attendant  upon  each  industry  and 
the  necessity  of  guarding  themselves  and  their  em- 
ployees against  them.  For  every  industry  has  its  own 
peculiar  bugaboo. 

In  the  manufacture  of  toys  from  celluloid  the  buga- 
boo consists  of  the  small  particles  of  celluloid  dust 
which  fill  the  air  and  get  into  the  lungs,  thus  causing 
tuberculosis.  Celluloid  combs  are  also  dangerous  to 
the  makers  of  them,  since  the  rubbing  and  polishing 
of  the  teeth  create  large  quantities  of  fine  dust.  In 
the  best  European  and  American  factories  this  dust  is 
removed  by  exhaust  ventilation. 

In  the  manufacture  of  glass  the  process  of  glass- 
blowing  entails  exposure  to  intense  heat  and  light,  and 
cases  of  heat  prostration,  and  diseases  of  the  eye  are 
not  uncommon.  In  blowing  large  articles  of  glass- 
ware the  blowpipe  is  passed  from  one  worker  to  an- 
other. Many  diseases  are  thus  transmitted,  particu- 
larly syphilis.  The  inhalation  of  glass  dust  gives  rise 
to  respiratory  diseases.  Mortality  figures  of  the  in- 
dustry in  Japan  are  lacking,  but  they  may  be  judged 
from  the  fact  that  in  Germany,  where  conditions  are 


CHERRY  BLOSSOMS  AND  SMOKE  STACKS         47 

much  better,  the  average  life  of  glass  polishers  has 
been  found  by  Anacker  to  be  32.6  years. 

Accidents  in  Japanese  coal-mines  are  unnecessarily 
frequent.  Counting  the  number  of  men  killed  for 
each  million  of  tons  mined,  the  following  record  shows 
the  mortality  rate  during  1901  to  19 10: 

Great  Britain 4.40 

Austria 5.05 

Belgium    5.56 

United  States 5.83 

France 7.19 

Germany 7.55 

India 9.00 

Japan 22.71 

Japan  is  helping  America  to  flood  the  Orient  with 
cigarets.  This  industry  strikes  in  two  directions;  it 
injures  not  only  those  who  smoke  the  tobacco  but 
those  who  prepare  it.  Many  tobacco  workers,  after 
six  months  or  so,  frequently  experience  palpitation  of 
the  heart,  weakened  heart  action,  intermittent  pulse, 
heartburn,  loss  of  sleep  and  appetite,  general  fatigue, 
and  loss  of  strength.  The  tobacco  dust  induces  tuber- 
culosis. 

Each  Industry  Has  Its  Peculiar  Danger 

In  the  Tokyo  Telephone  Exchange  I  saw  hundreds 
of  girls  fifteen  years  old,  or  thereabouts,  sitting  at 
the  switchboard  with  telephone  receivers  clamped  over 
their  ears.     The  place  was  piping  w^ith  their  canary- 


48  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

like  "  Moshi,  Moshi "  (Hello).  The  rooms  were 
clean  and  light  and  the  general  treatment  was  good. 
However,  I  noticed  at  the  end  of  the  day,  when  the 
girls  came  out  into  the  corridors  to  put  on  their 
wooden  shoes  and  take  up  their  parasols,  that  they 
were  sadly  wilted  and  quiet.  The  hours  had  been 
long,  and  there  are  few  tasks  more  fatiguing  than 
that  of  the  telephone  operator.  When  you  wish  to 
telephone  and  take  down  your  receiver  a  light  flashes 
before  the  eyes  of  the  operator  and  a  click  sounds  in 
her  ears.  If  she  is  busy  and  you  impatiently  jiggle 
your  hook,  the  light  flashes  on  and  off  and  the  click- 
ing sound  is  repeated  every  time  the  hook  goes  up 
and  down.  That  is  enough  to  test  the  poise  of  any 
girl.  Yet  if  she  also  becomes  impatient  she  is  fined 
or  discharged.  The  strain  of  the  constant  clicking 
and  flashing,  making  of  the  necessary  connections, 
answering  inquiries,  and  being  both  swift  and  yet 
sweet-tempered,  is  nervously  exhausting  if  carried 
on  for  many  hours  at  a  time.  Neurasthenia  and  re- 
lated disorders  are  distressingly  prevalent  among  tele- 
phone operators. 

The  trolley-car  is  supplanting  the  riksha  in  Japan. 
The  life  of  the  trolley  conductor  is  very  different,  but 
in  many  ways  it  is  better  than  that  of  the  riksha 
runner.  Instead  of  being  big  and  strong  he  must  be 
as  small  as  possible.  Smaller  men  are  preferred,  since 
the  conductor  is  expected  to  squeeze  through  a  car 
packed  beyond  breathing  room,  and  the  smaller  he  is 
the  better  he  can  perform  his  duties.     Inspectors  keep 


CHERRY  BLOSSOMS  AND  SMOKE  STACKS    49^ 

a  constant  eye  on  the  conductors  and  motormen  and 
deal  out  rewards  and  penalties  with  a  high  hand. 
The  motorman  gets  twenty-five  cents  for  every  person 
he  escapes  killing.  The  conductor  receives  twenty-five 
cents  for  every  ill  person  on  the  car  to  w^hom  he  gives 
proper  care.  In  spite  of  these  advantages  the  life  is 
not  ideal.  Constant  standing  for  eleven  hours  a  day 
frequently  causes  fallen  arches,  varicose  veins,  and  re- 
sulting disorders.  The  total  wage  does  not  come  to 
more  than  ten  or  fifteen  dollars  a  month,  which  falls 
short  by  at  least  half,  of  the  amount  necessary  to  keep 
a  family  decently  housed,  clothed,  and  fed. 

And  so  with  the  other-  industries  of  the  new  Japan. 
The  lurking  danger  of  the  iron  and  steel  industry  is  a 
tremendous  accident  rate;  of  the  pottery  industry,  lead 
poisoning  from  the  glaze  which  is  placed  on  the  dishes 
to  make  them  impervious  to  moisture  and  give  them  a 
polished  surface:  of  brass  founding,  brass  chills, 
zinc  ague,  metal  shakes,  and  like  ailments,  all  due  to  in- 
adequate elimination  of  the  zinc  fumes  from  the  zinc 
which  is  used  with  copper  to  make  brass.  In  prac- 
tically all  industries  low  wages,  long  hours,  and  faulty 
welfare  conditions  prevail. 

Cheap  Labor  Is  the  Most  Expensive 

Underpayment,  overtime,  and  exposure  to  disease 
and  death  are  not  only  inhumane;  they  are  commer- 
cially unprofitable  as  well.  Immature  and  poorly- 
cared-for  labor  is  in  the  end  the  most  expensive.  It 
is  the  skilled  laborer,  whose  hours  are  short  enough 


50  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

and  whose  pay  is  large  enough  so  that  he  may  keep 
a  clear  brain,  a  strong  body,  and  quick  fingers,  who 
piles  up  the  greatest  profit  for  his  employer.  This 
is  not  empty  theory.  Positive  proof  may  be  had  in  the 
experience  of  Europe  and  America. 

I  have  seen  pile-driving  going  on  in  Japan  and  in 
America.  In  Japan  a  crew  of  women,  each  holding  a 
rope,  kept  lifting  and  dropping  a  weight  which,  each 
time  it  fell,  drove  the  pile  a  little  deeper  into  the 
mud.  These  women  were  paid  only  a  few  cents  a 
day.  In  America  very  expensive  machinery  is  em- 
ployed and  skilled  operators.  When  William  C.  Red- 
field,  the  United  States  Secretary  of  Commerce, 
visited  Japan,  he  compared  figures  on  the  two  methods 
and  established  the  fact  that  it  costs  four  times  as 
much  to  drive  a  pile  in  Tokyo  as  in  New  York  City. 

An  American  connected  with  the  locomotive  indus- 
try visited  the  shop  of  the  Japanese  Imperial  Railway 
and  was  shown  about  by  the  Japanese  master  me- 
chanic. 

"  We  can  make  locomotives  much  cheaper  than  you 
can  in  America,"  he  said. 

"Can  you?"  inquired  the  American.  "If  so,  let 
us  get  the  facts.  If  you  will  tell  me  from  your  cost 
sheets  what  your  locomotives  cost,  I  will  tell  you  what 
ours  cost.  What  makes  you  think  your  locomotives 
cost  less  than  ours?" 

"  Why,"  said  the  Japanese,  "  because  we  pay  only 
one  fifth  of  the  wages  to  our  men  that  you  pay  to 
yours." 


CHERRY  BLOSSOMS  AND  SMOKE  STACKS    sr- 

The  cost  books  were  produced  and  it  was  found  that  \ 
the  labor  cost  on  a  locomotive  in  Japan  is  three  and  a 
half  times  as  great  as  that  for  a  locomotive  of  the 
same  type  made  in  America. 

Any  number  of  such  examples  might  be  obtained. 
Taking   advantage    of    the    present    world    situation, 
Japanese   factory   owners   are   making  large   profits. 
But  their  advantage  is  only  a   fraction  of  what  it 
might  be  if  they  were  to  pay  as  much  attention  to 
their  human  assets  as  they  pay  to  their  material  as- 
sets.   Low-priced,  physically  weakened,  mentally  dull,  \ 
morally  unreliable  labor  does  not  pay  the  highest  re-  \ 
turns.     This  would  seem  axiomatic;   yet  there   are  i 
many  employers,  even  in  Western  countries,  who  have  I 
not  learned  this  basic  law  of  modern  industry. 

Strangely  enough,  the  laboring  class  of  Japan,  now 
subjected  to  such  hard  conditions  by  the  short-sighted 
privileged  class,  is  not  illiterate.  A  large  majority  of 
the  workers  are  possessed,  in  whole  or  in  part,  of  a 
Sho  Gakko  education.  The  overdriven  workers  read 
the  newspapers  and  magazines  and  are  able  to  discuss 
the  important  questions  of  the  day.  They  will  not  be 
satisfied  long  to  submit  to  the  impositions  of  their 
employers. 

It  would  be  supposed  that  an  intelligent  government 
like  that  of  Japan  would  see  the  economic  necessity 
for  factory  legislation;  but  the  government  of  Japan, 
like  that  of  most  countries,  is  powerfully  influenced 
by  the  wishes  of  the  property-owning  class,  and  the 
nabobs  who  own  the  factories  want  no  legislation  that  ( 


52  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS  "* 

will  interfere  with  their  divine  right  to  deal  with  their 
employees  as  they  please. 

A  Medieval  Factory  Law  in  Modern  Japan 

Indignant  public  opinion,  however,  finally  compelled 
the  enactment  in  191 1  of  Japan's  first  and  only  na- 
tional factory  law.  This  law  went  into  force  in  1916. 
It  is  difficult  to  read  the  provisions  of  this  law  and 
believe  that  men  of  the  twentieth  century  enacted  it. 
In  the  light  of  the  eight-  and  nine-hour  working  day 
of  the  West,  it  is  strange  to  read  the  solemn  provision 
of  this  law  that  little  children  shall  not  be  required 
to  work  later  than  ten  o'clock  at  night,  and  shall 
not  be  compelled  to  start  work  before  four  o'clock  in 
the  morning;  that  children  and  women  shall  not  be 
required  to  work  more  than  twelve  hours  a  day  except 
in  periods  like  the  present  when  war  orders  make  it 
''  necessary  " ;  that  operators  who  do  night  work  shall 
not  be  required  to  work  more  than  ten  nights  in  suc- 
cession; that  little  children  shall  not  be  employed 
where  poisonous  gases  are  generated.  And  then  to 
find  that  before  the  law  was  enacted  jokers  were 
slipped  into  it  which  made  such  exceptions  and  time 
extensions  that  even  these  backward  provisions  were 
largely  nullified!  The  whole  law  was  apparently 
framed  for  the  purpose  of  throwing  a  sop  to  public 
sentiment  while  leaving  the  powers  of  the  factory 
owners  practically  unchanged. 

The  attitude  of  the  Japanese  government  toward 
the  worker  is  that  of  a  rule-of-the-rod  father  toward 


The  Japanese  government  is  a  rule-of-the-rod  father.  Fac- 
tory workers  cannot  vote,  strikes  are  insubordination,  and 
amendments  make  the  one  factory  law  practically  worthless. 


CHERRY  BLOSSOMS  AND  SMOKE  STACKS         53 

an  incorrigible  child.  Of  repression  and  punishment 
there  is  much;  of  encouragement,  very  little.  The 
right  to  vote  is  forbidden  to  factory  workers,  the  fran- 
chise being  restricted  to  the  property-owning  class. 
Workingmen  are  not  permitted  to  agitate  for  better 
conditions.  Strikes  of  a  nature  recognized  elsewhere 
as  entirely  legal  are  harshly  suppressed  in  Japan  and 
branded  as  insubordination  and  disloyalty.  Labor 
unions  are  prohibited.  Workmen  who  applied  for 
permission  to  establish  such  a  union  were  refused  on 
the  ground  that  "  as  reported,  the  promoters  were  men 
devoid  of  means,  education,  and  credit,  and  hence  dis- 
qualified to  form  such  an  organization." 

The  only  organization  which  bears  even  the  slightest 
resemblance  to  a  Western  labor  union  is  the  Laborers' 
Friendly  Society.  This  society  maintains  for  work- 
ingmen, welfare  departments  for  legal  advice,  savings, 
insurance,  employment,  medicine  and  hygiene,  lectures, 
education,  domestic  economy,  publications,  and  others. 
The  organization,  however,  dares  make  but  small  at- 
tempt to  secure  better  factory  conditions  for  its  mem- 
bers. 

The  leader  of  the  Laborers*  Friendly  Society  is  Mr. 
Suzuki-Bun ji,  a  Christian.  He  is  a  graduate  in  law 
of  the  Imperial  University  of  Tokyo.  The  motto 
chosen  for  the  society  is  "  By  the  People  for  the 
People.'*  In  191 5  and  again  in  1916  Mr.  Suzuki- 
Bunji  visited  the  Pacific  Coast  of  the  United  States, 
and  sat  in  conventions  of  the  American  Federation  of 
Labor  as  a  fraternal  delegate. 


54  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

Another  proof  that  the  laboring  class  is  beginning 
to  move  is  shown  by  a  report  stating  that  in  Japan  in 
the  year  191 5  there  were  nine  thousand  workingmen 
out  on  strike,  in  19 16  ten  thousand,  and  in  the  first 
eight  months  of  19 17  thirty  thousand  were  involved 
in  strikes. 

What  Missions  Are  Doing 

Christian  agencies  in  Japan  are  alert  to  the  needs 
of  the  factory  population  but  find  themselves  inade- 
quate to  the  situation. 

Homes  for  factory  girls,  close  to  the  factories  in 
which  they  work,  are  conducted  by  the  American 
Board  in  Matsuyama,  the  German  Evangelical  Asso- 
ciation and  the  Canadian  Methodists  in  Tokyo,  the 
Church  Missionary  Society  in  Osaka,  and  the  Epis- 
copal Board  Mission  in  Kumazaya.  In  these  homes, 
living  conditions  are  ideal. 

The  Institutional  Church  is  still  in  its  infancy,  but 
the  Baptists  have  one  in  Tokyo  and  the  voluntary  co- 
operation of  its  members  in  the  practical  work  is  a 
splendid  feature. 

The  Young  Men's  Christian  Association  maintains 
night  schools  and  employment  agencies.  Recently  the 
provision  of  good  moving  pictures  and  a  lecturer  to 
explain  the  pictures,  has  been  a  useful  extension  of 
energy.  The  lecturer  has  been  permitted  to  make 
addresses  and  to  show  the  pictures  in  a  few  factories, 
mines,  and  schools. 

The  Salvation  Army  is  doing  a  large  work  among 


CHERRY  BLOSSOMS  AND  SMOKE  STACKS    55 

the  unemployed  men,  housing,  feeding,  and  financing 
them  until  they  are  able  to  find  steady  employment. 
Another  piece  of  their  "  Good  Samaritan  "  work  is  the 
"  William  Booth  Sanitarium "  on  the  outskirts  of 
Tokyo,  built  for  the  treatment  of  tuberculosis  patients 
among  the  poor. 

Several  other  missions  have  tuberculosis  sanita- 
riums, and  in  1912  the  Anti-tuberculosis  Association 
of  Foreigners  in  Japan  v^as  founded  as  a  result  of 
missionary  effort.  It  now  has  several  hundred  mem- 
bers, and  issues  a  quarterly  publication  containing  ad- 
vice for  those  enlisted  in  the  struggle  to  check  the 
plague  which  causes  over  one  hundred  and  thirty 
thousand  deaths  a  year. 

A  Japanese  Christian  pastor.  Rev.  Yoshimichi  Su- 
giura,  has  been  the  means  of  placing  several  hundred 
"  down-and-outs  "  on  their  feet  and  making  them  self- 
supporting  and  self-respecting  citizens  in  independent 
businesses. 

Another  Christian  of  Japan,  Tamekichi  Ito,  tried  to 
establish  night  schools  for  workingmen.  He  found, 
however,  that  their  hours  were  so  long  that  they  could 
not  readily  come  to  his  school.  Therefore,  he  put  his 
school  into  the  form  of  a  newspaper.  It  is  very  unlike 
the  ordinary  newspaper.  It  contains  little  about  poli- 
tics and  the  war,  but  has  a  great  deal  concerning  living 
conditions,  hygiene,  sanitation,  mathematics,  physics, 
chemistry,  economics,  cooking,  first  aid  to  the  injured, 
moral  and  spiritual  laws,  and  similar  matters.  This 
periodical  is  a  college  of  liberal  arts  that  comes  to  the 


56  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

working  people  instead  of  requiring  the  working  peo- 
ple to  come  to  it. 

The  Work  of  Christian  Employers 

Most  encouraging  of  all  is  the  splendid  work  that  is 
being  carried  on  by  Christian  employers  themselves. 
Little  is  being  done  by  non-Christian  employers,  al- 
though there  are  a  few  firms,  such  as  the  Kanegafuchi 
Spinning  Company,  doing  welfare  work.  But  the 
Christian  firms  are  leading  the  way. 

Work  is  begun  daily  with  a  prayer  service  and 
ended  with  a  prayer  service  in  the  Homma  Shimpei's 
marble  quarry.  On  Sunday  a  preaching  service  is 
held,  Mr.  Homma  himself  acting  as  preacher.  Nor 
does  he  merely  preach.  He  is  constantly  guarding  the 
health  and  welfare  of  his  employees.  Further  than 
this,  he  anticipated  Mr.  Ford's  profit-sharing  scheme, 
by  dividing  the  profits  of  his  business  among  his 
workmen  every  year  on  his  birthday. 

Other  great  industrial  enterprises,  whose  products 
are  known  throughout  Japan,  such  as  the  Lion  Denti- 
frice Company,  the  Fukuin  Printing  Company,  the 
Yamato  Silk  Store,  the  Fuji  Tea  Company,  and  many 
others,  owe  at  least  part  of  their  greatness  to  the  fact 
that  their  proprietors  have  been  Christians  who  have 
found  that  it  pays  to  apply  religion  to  business. 

Of  special  interest  is  the  story  of  Mr.  Hatano. 
iWhen  he  was  a  young  man,  he  stole  his  wife's  fortune 
and  went  away  to  the  city,  where  he  squandered  all 
in  wild  living.     Then,  sick  and  penniless,  he  returned 


CHERRY  BLOSSOMS  AND  SMOKE  STACKS    57; 

home  only  to  be  repudiated  by  his  relatives  and  ac- 
quaintances. At  last  his  mother  had  pity  on  her 
prodigal  son  and  took  him  in,  but  yet  the  community 
would  have  none  of  him.  His  degradation  and  dis- 
grace were  complete.  Then  he  heard  the  message  of 
hope  from  a  Christian  preacher  and  soon  after  was 
converted.  A  remarkable  change  took  place  in  Mr. 
Hatano's  character.  He  became  buoyant  and  ambi- 
tious and  returned  with  kindness  the  snubs  and  in- 
sults which  were  accorded  him.  He  began  a  silk  busi- 
ness on  a  petty  scale;  and  that  business  has  now  grown 
to  be  one  of  the  great  enterprises  of  modern  Japan. 
The  foundation-stone  of  his  business  has  been  the 
development  of  sound  character  in  his  employees. 
He  has  taken  Matthew  7.  17,  18  as  the  watchword  of 
his  company  and  of  the  Silk  Workers'  Training 
School  which  is  connected  with  it.  Just  as  a  good  tree 
is  necessary  to  produce  good  fruit,  so  this  business  man 
believes  good  character  is  necessary  to  produce  good 
silk  thread.  His  thread  is  now  granted  to  be  the  best 
in  Japan.  Many  firms  have  tried  to  duplicate  Mr. 
Hatano's  success  by  installing  identically  the  same 
machinery  and  equipment.  They  have  thought  that 
such  would  be  sufficient,  and  have  considered  it  non- 
sense to  bother  to  duplicate  the  religious,  educational, 
social,  and  recreational  facilities  which  he  provides 
for  his  workers.  They  have  failed  because  they  have 
ignored  the  main  feature  of  his  plan,  which  is  the 
development  of  character. 

The  Japanese  government  is  worried  over  the  fact 


58      ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

that  complaints  are  so  frequently  heard  concerning 
the  inferior  quality  of  Japan's  exports.  It  is  feared 
that  the  trade  built  up  during  the  war  may  be  eventu- 
ally lost.  The  government  is  therefore  planning  to 
place  inspectors  in  the  ports,  and  to  prevent  goods  of 
poor  quality  from  leaving  the  country. 

It  is  a  question  whether  it  might  not  be  wiser  for 
the  Japanese  government  to  step  back  into  the  fac- 
tories where  these  shoddy  goods  are  produced,  and 
learn  whether  the  quality  might  not  be  improved  by 
renewing  the  bodies,  quickening  the  minds,  and  re- 
storing the  souls  of  those  dreary  toilers  upon  whose 
work  depends  the  reputation  of  Japan. 


Ill 

TREES  AND  MEN 


Ill 

TREES  AND  MEN 

Trees! 

Trees  and  prosperity.  Lack  of  trees  and  poverty. 
Trees  and  uprightness.  Lack  of  trees  and  crime. 
Trees  and  the  poetry  of  ideals.  Lack  of  trees  and  a 
barren  soul. 

In  China  has  been  remarkably  demonstrated  the 
unique  relation  between  human  well-being  and  trees. 

China  is  a  land  of  desperate  toil.  It  would  be  hard 
to  find  in  all  the  United  States  a  man  willing  to  ac- 
cept the  task  of  a  horse  and  run  through  the  streets 
and  drag  you  behind  him  in  a  cart.  And  yet,  in 
the  city  of  Peking  alone,  there  are  more  than  forty 
thousand  riksha  runners.  Streaming  with  perspira- 
tion, muscles  straining,  varicose  veins  bulging,  they 
drag  at  a  trot  their  exacting  patrons  from  one  end 
of  the  city  to  the  other  for  a  few  cents.  The  average 
working  term  of  a  riksha  runner  is  four  years.  He 
spends  the  rest  of  his  life  as  an  invalid.  The  chair- 
bearer  is  slightly  better  off  in  that  he  can  support  the 
strain  of  his  work  eight  years  before  he  is  rendered 
helpless.  An  examination  of  carrying-coolies  shows 
that  only  a  slight  proportion  of  them  are  free  from 
heart  trouble  caused  by  the  bearing  of  heavy  loads. 

6i 


(>2  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

What  is  the  reason  for  this  desperate  cry  for  work, 
no  matter  how  kilHng;  for  burdens,  no  matter  how 
crushing?  What  lies  back  of  it  all?  Many  factors, 
but  looming  large  among  them — lack  of  trees! 

A    Treeless  Land  Is  a  Hungry  Land 

China  is  a  hungry  land.  Instead  of  the  question, 
"  How  do  you  make  your  living?  "  the  common  query 
in  one  province  of  China  is,  "  How  do  you  get  through 
the  day  ?  "  It  has  been  estimated  that  eighty  per  cent. 
of  the  conversation  of  the  common  Chinese  has  to  do 
with  food.  So  extreme  is  the  demand,  that  everything 
at  aU  eatable  finds  its  way  at  last  to  the  Chinese  table. 
Camels,  horses,  mules,  donkeys,  dogs,  rats,  edible 
bird's-nests,  silkworms,  pigskins — all  are  food  far  the 
humble  folk  in  this  land  where  starvation  forbids 
dainty  choosing.  Why  is  immense  China,  with  her 
tremendous  land  area,  in  want  of  food?  A  major 
reason  is — lack  of  trees! 

China  is  a  land  of  pitiful  thefts.  A  man  will  creep 
into  your  back  yard  to  steal  an  empty,  battered  tin 
can,  or  a  piece  of  wood  as  big  as  a  pencil.  Bolts  and 
plates  are  forever  disappearing  from  the  railroad  track 
— later  to  appear  again  in  the  form  of  chisels,  razors, 
and  scissors.  The  old  hair  is  stolen  from  the  hides  of 
camels,  and  I  have  been  told  of  a  famine  refugee  who, 
in  desperation,  slashed  off  the  cue  of  a  countryman 
and  ran  away  with  it,  selling  it  at  a  hairshop  for  three 
cents.  This  does  not  mean  that  honesty  is  rare  among 
the  Chinese ;  in  a  larger  sense  they  are  essentially  hon- 


TREES  AND  MEN  63 

est.  And  yet  these  petty,  pitiful  thefts  continue.  The 
purloining  of  such  trifles  indicates  the  direst  need  on 
the  part  of  those  who  do  the  stealing.  And  again, 
under  and  behind  this  need,  we  find  as  one  of  the 
dominating  causes — lack  of  trees! 

Deforested  Mountains  Mean  Floods  and  Famine 

Why  this  strange  dependence  of  labor,  hunger,  and 
crime  upon  what  is  apparently  so  impersonal  a  mat- 
ter as  lack  of  trees  ? 

Imagine  a  mountain  slope  clothed  with  forest.  A 
heavy  rain  falls.  The  drops  percolate  down  through 
the  leaves  of  the  trees  and  find  their  way  to  the  ground 
through  a  maze  of  grass  and  twigs.  Slowly,  very 
slowly,  the  water  seeps  down  the  mountainside 
through  the  obstructive  tangle  of  underbrush.  This 
process  may  take  a  week  or  more  and  the  next  heavy 
rain  has  come  and  gone  before  the  water  supplied  by 
the  first  has  finally  reached  the  river  in  the  valley. 
Thus  the  forest  automatically  regulates  the  flow,  and 
month  in  and  month  out,  the  level  of  the  river  may 
never  vary  more  than  an  inch  or  two.  Moreover,  the 
interlacing  roots  of  the  forest  have  held  the  soil  firmly 
in  place  so  that  the  springs  and  mountain  rivulets  could 
not  wash  it  away.  Hence,  the  river  water  is  without 
sediment,  clear,  and  pure. 

Now  imagine  that  same  mountain  slope  entirely  de- 
nuded of  trees.  There  is  not  a  green  thing  to  be 
seen — the  mountain  is  nothing  but  a  gigantic  pile  of 
barren,  tan-colored  earth.     A  heavy  rain  falls  and 


64  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

the  water  rushes  down  the  slope  with  nothing  to  im- 
pede its  progress;  every  gully,  formerly  dry,  now  ac- 
commodates a  furious  torrent;  each  particle  of  water 
tears  up  a  particle  of  earth  and  carries  it  along.  The 
result  is  that  within  a  few  hours  thousands  of  gallons 
of  water  and  thousands  of  tons  of  earth  are  dumped 
into  the  river  in  the  valley.  The  river,  lashed  into  a 
turbid  rage,  stampedes  toward  the  sea.  Every  bare 
mountain  along  its  course  contributes  fresh  torrents. 
When  the  river  at  last  reaches  the  plain,  it  has  risen 
ten,  twenty,  or  thirty  feet  above  its  ordinary  level. 

Now  this  river  for  ages  has  been  bringing  down 
vast  quantities  of  sediment,  which  gradually  built  up 
the  river-bed  until  at  present  the  river  flows  along  far 
above  the  heads  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  plain.  As 
the  sand-bars  in  the  river  have  developed,  the  people, 
instead  of  digging  out  the  bars,  have  simply  built 
higher  the  banks.  Thousands  of  miles  of  levees  and 
dikes  border  the  Hwangho,  the  Han,  and  other  up- 
lifted rivers  of  China.  The  country  on  either  side 
slopes  up  to  the  river,  as  a  roof  slopes  up  to  the 
ridge-pole — and  along  the  ridge-pole  flows  the  stream. 
It  is  a  dangerous  location  for  a  stream. 

And  so  it  happens  that  when  the  rainfall  is  heavy 
on  the  deforested  mountains,  the  formerly  peaceable 
river  becomes  a  ruthless  giant  who  surmounts  or  tears 
down  the  dikes,  submerges  thousands  of  acres  of  land 
under  a  foot  or  more  of  water,  destroys  millions  of 
dollars'  worth  of  agricultural  products,  the  food  of  the 
people,    and    sends    millions    of    jobless,    homeless, 


TREES  AND  MEN  #5 

famine-stricken  people  packing  to  the  cities.  There 
they  must  plead  for  any  work,  no  matter  how  hard; 
for  any  food,  no  matter  how  meager  or  repellent;  for 
any  manner  of  existence,  no  matter  if  it  be  obtained 
by  so  contemptible  a  means  as  petty  thievery  or  beg- 
gary. 

Every  year  flood-born  famine  and  pestilence  stalk 
abroad  in  some  part  of  China.  Floods  on  the  plains  of 
the  northern  provinces  of  Kiangsu  and  Anhwei  are 
so  frequent  and  the  famines  so  acute  that  now  over 
this  whole  area  the  farmers  do  not  average  more  than 
two  crops  in  five  years;  whereas,  if  there  were  no 
floods,  the  normal  condition  would  be  a  large  crop 
every  summer  and  a  small  crop  every  winter. 

To  rectify  the  present  condition  would  mean,  as  a 
Red  Cross  engineer  says :  '*  The  elimination  of  the  suf- 
fering, starving,  and  degeneration  of  several  millions 
of  people  who  are  now  fast  becoming  beggars  and 
robbers;  the  turning  into  producers  millions  who  are 
now  not  only  non-producers  but  are  becoming  a  men- 
ace to  the  country.''  And  the  brunt  of  such  calamities 
does  not  fall  merely  on  the  people  in  the  famine  dis- 
tricts. 

In  China,  as  elsewhere,  man  cannot  live  unto  him- 
self alone.  Whenever  part  of  the  nation's  food  is 
destroyed  and  a  group  of  the  nation's  workers  ren- 
dered helpless  and  dependent,  there  is  not  a  man, 
woman,  or  child  in  the  entire  republic  who  does  not 
directly  or  indirectly  suffer  the  resultant  economic 
shock. 


66  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

Wood  as  Precious  as  Money 

Why  are  the  Chinese  mountains  bare  of  trees?  Is 
it  because  of  poor  soil  or  unfavorable  climate? 
Neither.  The  soil  and  climate  in  most  parts  of  China 
are  excellent  for  agriculture,  fruit-raising,  and  forest 
planting.  Deforestation  is  rather  due  to  the  density 
of  population  and  the  tremendous  demand  for  fuel. 
Not  only  the  trees,  but  the  shrubs,  saplings,  seedlings, 
and  even  the  grasses  are  rooted  up  to  be  put  in  the 
fires  for  the  cooking  of  food.  In  the  north  of  China 
every  morning  village-boys  scale  the  mountains  watch- 
ing for  the  tiniest  shoot  of  green  projecting  from  the 
brown  earth.  So  rare  and  precious  is  wood  in  some 
provinces  that  small  bits  of  bamboo  are  used  as  cur- 
rency. 

The  selfish  and  short-sighted  government  of  the  old 
days  did  not  establish  laws  regulating  the  use  of  the 
forests  or  providing  for  the  planting  and  protection^ 
of  saplings.  For  ages  the  process  of  stripping  the 
hillsides  went  on  unchecked  until  now  extensive  areas 
of  the  country,  especially  in  the  northern  provinces, 
are  completely  bare.  There  is  no  more  desolate  look- 
ing landscape  in  any  well-populated  part  of  the  world 
than  those  stretches  of  gaunt  yellow  hills  in  North 
China.  The  process  has  gone  on  until  the  only  ma- 
terial for  firemaking  in  many  sections  is  brush  and 
weeds,  and  as  for  building  lumber,  that  has  to  be  im- 
ported from  the  United  States,  the  Philippines, 
Hainan,  Formosa,  and  Chosen.  r 


TREES  AND  MEN  67 

What  Bailie  Saw  'Under  Straw  Mats 

And  now  we  come  to  the  wonder-tale  of  the  red- 
bearded  Irishman  who  thrust  his  burly  head  above  the 
mental  horizon  of  the  Orient  and  by  the  light  of  his 
intelligence  and  the  warmth  of  his  sympathy  awak- 
ened China  to  her  great  need. 

That  man  was  Joseph  Bailie,  who  had  been  enrolled 
under  an  American  mission  board  as  a  professor  of 
mathematics  in  Nanking  University. 

One  morning  in  19 10  Joseph  BaiHe  went  abroad 
in  the  city  of  Nanking,  peeking  under  straw  mats. 
Beneath  lay  the  victims  of  famine,  and  the  mats  were 
their  only  shelter.  More  than  one  hundred  thousand 
famine  refugees  were  festering,  like  evil  sores,  in 
and  about  Nanking.  It  was  a  sight  to  stamp  the 
memory  for  all  time:  the  drawn  faces  of  the  living, 
the  gray  masks  of  the  dead,  the  young  girl  rolling 
about  in  the  dust  in  the  delirium  of  fever;  the  mother 
and  children  sitting  in  dull  hopelessness  around  the 
still  body  of  the  father;  the  baby  boy  tugging  at  his 
dead  mother's  rags  and  wailing  because  she  would  not 
get  up  and  care  for  him;  the  wholesale  fight  of  a 
crowd  of  men  contesting  for  a  dirt-ingrained  scrap  of 
bread  not  two  inches  square;  the  tragic,  bewildered 
stare  of  the  thousands  who  had  given  up  and  were 
merely  waiting  for  the  mist  to  close  down  over  their 
eyes  and  over  their  pain. 

These  are  the  sights  to  be  seen  whenever  the  rivers 
overflow.  The  ordinary  spectator  saw  and  pitied; 
Bailie  saw  and  thought. 


68  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

He  and  other  missionaries  had  been  doHng  out  food 
to  some  of  these  refugees.  And  yet  how  little  impres- 
sion had  been  made !  One  missionary  had  been  heard 
to  say  that  he  felt  proud  and  grateful  to  have  the 
opportunity  of  doing  such  work.  Bailie  did  not  feel 
proud  and  grateful;  instead  he  felt  humiliated  and 
disgraced  by  the  hopelessness  and  littleness  of  what  he 
and  the  others  had  been  doing. 

He  came  to  the  grounds  of  the  old  examination 
halls.  Here  a  Chinese  relief  agency,  the  Chung  Ren 
Tang  or  Guild  of  Mercy,  was  distributing  rice  gruel  to 
twenty  thousand  people  every  day.  What  a  splendid 
service !  And  yet  how  "  splendid  "  ?  To  be  sure, 
some  lives  were  saved.  But  the  work  was  so  slight 
in  proportion  to  the  problem  that  in  most  cases  it 
merely  accomplished  a  postponement  of  death  for  a 
few  days,  so  that  a  man,  instead  of  dying  on  Monday, 
died  on  Friday.  And  the  next  year  there  would  prob- 
ably be  another  famine  and  more  food  would  be  doled 
out,  and  this  would  be  repeated  the  next  year,  and 
the  next  year,  and  the  next. 

The  Best  Cure  Is  Prevention 

There  are  two  ways  of  attending  to  a  leaky  pail. 
One  is  to  keep  pouring  water  into  it  everlastingly  so 
that  it  may  remain  full.  The  other  is  to  plug  up  the 
leak.  Surely  there  can  be  no  question  as  to  which 
method  is  the  more  sensible.  And  yet  the  best  citizens 
and  foreigners  in  Nanking,  their  hearts  thrilling  to  the 
nobility   of   their   task,   continued   to   pour   a   pitiful 


Peering  into  straw  huts  at  the  dying  victims  of  famine  roused 
Bailie's  determination  to  prevent  "famine   with  trees. 


TREES  AND  MEN  69 

rStream  of  rice  porridge  down  the  bottomless  throat  of 
Famine. 

Upon  reaching  tlie  ancient  examination  halls,  Bailie 
was  met  by  a  guard  of  soldiers  armed  with  heavy- 
sticks  and  led  through  the  frantic,  starving  mob  until 
he  reached  the  battalion  of  immense  pots  or  kangs 
containing  the  rice  porridge. 

He  was  brought  to  a  Mr.  Chang,  a  fine  old  Chinese, 
who  was  directing  the  work.  Bailie  sincerely  compli- 
mented him  upon  the  good  that  he  was  doing,  for 
Bailie  knew  that  to  feed  the  hungry  is  always  good 
work,  even  though  there  may  sometimes  be  a  better 
work. 

Then  the  substance  of  the  conversation  was  about 
as  follows: 

"  What  steps,"  said  Bailie,  "  are  being  taken  to  avert 
another  such  disaster?" 

Mr,  Chang  shrugged  his  shoulders. 

*'  That  must  be  done  by  the  officials,"  he  answered. 
"  No  private  person  dare  attempt  any  such  thing." 

Bailie  now  spoke  aloud  the  great  idea  that  had  been 
taking  form  in  his  mind  during  the  last  few  days. 

"  There  is  plenty  of  w^ste  land  yonder,"  he  said, 
pointing  to  Purple  Mountain  which  reared  its  immense 
bulk  just  beyond  the  edge  of  the  city.  *'  Why  could 
not  some  of  these  people  be  put  to  work  in  breaking 
up  and  planting  some  of  that  land?  The  money  that 
is  now  being  spent  in  giving  rice  might  be  used  in  pay- 
ing them.  After  the  lands  have  been  improved  they 
ipan  be  given  to  refugees  who  have  no  land,  and  in 


70  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

that  way  a  large  number  of  these  people  can  be  put 
beyond  want  and  made  permanently  self-supporting." 
"  But  I  have  not  the  power  to  secure  these  lands,'* 
said  Mr.  Chang,  and  turned  back  to  his  work. 

Paupers  Made  Self-Supporting  Farmers 

Bailie  had  no  more  power  than  Mr.  Chang,  but  he 
did  not  give  up  so  easily.  It  took  nearly  three  years 
of  hard  fighting  to  obtain  enough  money  from  foreign 
friends  and  to  bring  enough  pressure  to  bear  upon 
local  officials  to  secure  those  lands.  Then  Professor 
Bailie  organized  a  local  branch  of  the  Chinese  Coloni- 
zation Association  and  placed  in  its  hands  one  thou- 
sand English  acres  of  land  on  the  slope  of  Purple 
Mountain.  Wealthy  Chinese,  who  had  formerly  op- 
posed his  project,  were  impressed  by  his  indomitable 
perseverance,  and  now  cheerfully  became  members 
of  the  new  organization.  Although  the  flood  of  the 
3^ear  1910  w^as  a  thing  of  the  past,  its  victims  had  not 
all  disappeared  and  new  floods  had  added  to  their 
numbers.  BaiHe  had  no  difficulty  in  finding  seven 
hundred  starving  men  who  were  willing  and  eager 
to  come  out  and  till  the  land  of  Purple  Mountain. 
The  Colonization  Association  paid  them  a  wage  and 
thus  they  and  their  wives  and  children,  several  thou- 
sand people  in  all,  were  immediately  lifted  out  of 
pauperism. 

Professor  Bailie's  plan  was  to  clear  and  drain  a 
tract  of  land,  using  famine  refugee  laborers  working 
in  gangs  under  supervision.     The  men  on  this  work 


TREES  AND  MEN  75 

were  to  be  watched,  and  from  them  would  be  selected 
a  few  who  with  their  families,  would  be  put  in  tenta- 
tive occupation  of  farms  from  twenty  to  fifty  inow  ^ 
in  area,  with  the  prospect,  if  they  proved  industrious 
and  honest,  of  becoming  settled  tenants. 

The  tenants  would  be  assisted  until  the  first  crop 
was  harvested  and  would  thereafter  be  expected  to 
support  themselves  and,  in  addition,  to  pay  taxes  suffi- 
cient to  meet  any  government  tax  on  the  property,  and 
interest  on  the  money  expended,  in  giving  them  a  start 
until  the  whole  sum  was  repaid. 

Of  course  Bailie  could  not  rehabilitate  all  the 
famine  refugees  of  China.  He  could  directly  help 
only  a  few  hundred  or  a  few  thousand  at  most.  But 
he  had  sufficient  faith  in  his  experiment  to  believe 
that  its  success  would  establish  a  method  which  the 
central  government,  as  well  as  private  agencies,  could 
apply  elsewhere  throughout  China  and  thus  help  the 
millions. 

Ancestor  Worship  versus  Bailie  Logic 

When  Bailie  set  out  to  till  his  land,  his  first  prob- 
lem was  graves.  Many  of  the  good,  level,  tillable 
spaces  on  the  mountainside  were  covered  with  the 
homes  of  the  dead.  China,  of  course,  is  the  land 
of  ancestor-worship  and  to  desecrate  the  abiding-r 
place  of  the  worshiped  beings  would  be  quite  out  of 
the  question.     Bailie,  however,  was  fully  accustomed 

^^  In  this  connection  six  mow  equal  one  acre.    A  mow  or  mao^ 
differs  in  measurement  in  the  various  sections  of  China. 


72  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

to  doing  things  that  were  apparently  out  of  the  ques- 
tion.    He  set  his  men  to  work  digging  up  the  graves. 

The  coffins  were  removed  to  a  cemetery.  Wherever 
a  coffin  was  taken  out,  the  spot  was  marked  with  a 
number  and  the  new  grave  was  marked  with  the  same 
number.  In  most  cases,  however,  the  graves  were 
so  ancient  that  no  trace  of  coffin  or  corpse  was  visible. 
iVery  soon  the  inevitable  happened.  The  gentry  of 
the  countryside  held  a  meeting  and  from  this  meet- 
ing a  deputation  was  sent  to  reason  with  Professor 
Bailie. 

"  How  is  it,"  said  their  spokesman,  "  that  you,  being 
a  good  man  and  wanting  to  benefit  our  country,  have 
come  out  here  to  tear  up  these  graves?" 

Bailie  carries  a  spirit  of  hearty  good-fellowship 
around  with  him.  He  welcomed  his  visitors  cordially 
and  invited  them  to  go  up  and  examine  the  graves  for 
themselves.  He  was  genial  and  they  had  such  a  good 
time  that  it  is  probable  he  had  them  practically  won 
over  to  his  point  of  view  even  before  he  told  them 
what  his  point  of  view  was.  There  are  personalities 
who  are  capable  of  that.  When  they  had  looked  about 
he  said  to  them: 

"  As  you  see,  these  graves  are  very  old  and  have 
no  owners.  In  most  cases  there  is  no  trace  of  occu- 
pancy, but  whenever  any  remains  are  found  they  are 
respectfully  boxed  up  and  buried  in  a  cemetery.  More- 
over, gentlemen,  these  dead  do  not  require  so  much 
land,  whereas  these  hundreds  of  families  who  are 
breaking  up  the  land  are  dying  from  hunger." 


TREES  AND  MEN  73 

'*  Uai  kueh  ren  puh  tso,"  said  the  spokesman,  turn- 
ing to  his  colleagues.  "  The  foreigner  isn't  far 
astray."  And  after  chatting  a  while  longer  with 
Bailie  and  some  of  his  men,  they  all  went  away  satis- 
fied. 

Dead  "Are  More  Important  Than  the  Living 

This  question  of  graves  has  a  vital  bearing  upon  the 
subsistence  of  the  workers  of  China,  and  Bailie  feels 
very  strongly  about  it.  He  says:  "The  present  sys- 
tem, or  lack  of  system,  of  burial  in  China  is  a  curse  to 
the  country.  Public  cemeteries  should  be  laid  out  and 
properly  beautified  and  the  people  should  be  compelled 
to  bury  their  dead  there;  to  move  those  buried  in  other 
places  to  their  family  plot  in  the  cemetery,  and  should 
be  placed  under  a  heavy  fine  if  they  refuse  to  do  so. 
Failing  this,  it  is  next  to  impossible  to  use  the  vacant 
lands  of  these  provinces,  as  there  are  so  many  graves 
scattered  about  in  whatever  place  the  fung-shui  ^  doc- 
trine determined.  No  sooner  does  any  one  begin  to 
use  the  land  near  the  grave  than  some  wicked,  design- 
ing person  who  wants  to  blackmail  the  really  good 
workingmen,  raises  a  hornet's  nest,  and  so  fearful  do 

^  Fung-shui  (wind  and  rain)  denotes  the  beneficent  atmos- 
pheric influence.  Burial-places  are  selected  with  caution  so  that 
the  propitiatory  measures  may  procure  a  reactionary  protection 
of  the  dead  ancestors.  Rivers,  brooks,  lakes,  and  ponds,  even 
when  dry,  are  supposed  to  be  perfect  bearers  of  the  so-called 
shui-shen  or  shui-ling  or  spirits  of  aquatic  divinity.  Bad  winds 
may  be  controlled  by  rocks,  and  other  conditions  must  be  con- 
sidered. 


74  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

all  become  of  seeming  to  be  employed  in  the  leveling 
of  graves  that  rather  than  bear  the  odium  attached 
to  it,  they  simply  leave  the  whole  district  undeveloped. 
The  country  that  attaches  more  importance  to  the 
graves  of  the  dead  than  it  does  to  the  lives  of  its 
present  inhabitants,  and  will  allow  the  grave  of  Gen- 
eral Wong  to  occupy  ten  mow  of  good  land  main- 
tained in  an  unkempt  condition  w^hile  the  Chen  family 
of  seven  mouths  have  a  hut  on  a  corner  of  this  same 
grave,  and  attempt  to  support  themselves  by  digging 
roots  of  trees  and  the  like  from  this  and  the  hundreds 
of  graves  surrounding — while  they  are  most  anxious 
to  break  up  and  cultivate  some  of  this  very  land — 
the  country,  I  say,  that  does  this  is  committing  suicide 
and  will  have  its  land  full  of  the  graves  of  the  wealthy 
dead  and  the  poor  unprovided  for.  Surely  it  is  time 
for  China  to  wake  up  on  this  question.  If  she  does 
not  use  these  lands  in  time  to  come  some  other  people 
will."  ^ 

So  successful  was  Bailie's  colonization  work  that 
not  only  did  the  Chinese  government  give  the  Asso- 
ciation an  additional  ten  thousand  acres  of  Purple 
Mountain,  but  another  large  tract  of  land  was  se- 
cured at  Lai  An  Hsien  and  another  branch  associa- 
tion was  organized  there. 

Formerly  this  country  was  infested  with  robbers. 
Now  robbery  is  almost  unknown.  And  Bailie  ascribes 
as  the  explanation  the  fact  that  the  Association  is  em- 
ploying and   feeding  the  robbers!     Now,   at   Purple 

*  China's  Young  Men,  January,  1915. 


TREES  AND  MEN  75 

Mountain  and  Lai  An  Hsien,  the  huts  of  colonists  and 
their  well-tilled  fields  cover  thousands  of  acres  that 
were  formerly  waste  lands  and  considered  absolutely 
worthless  for  cultivation.  Starving,  penniless  refu- 
gees have  been  financially  helped  in  beginning  homes 
and  farms,  and  have  later  paid  back  with  interest  all 
that  was  expended  upon  them.  Paupers,  beggars,  and 
robbers  have  been  transformed  into  self-respecting, 
self-reliant  citizens. 

Mr.  Bailie  demonstrated  to  the  Chinese  government, 
which  was  watching  his  experiment  closely,  three 
things:  first,  that  much  land  now  regarded  as  useless 
is  fit  for  agriculture;  second,  that  agricultural  loans 
are  fully  practicable;  third,  that  honest  work  will  do 
more  than  alms  for  famine  refugees. 

Giving  China  a  Lesson  in  Forestation 

But  Bailie  did  not  stop  there.  He  knew  that  while 
it  is  better  to  employ  than  to  pauperize  a  famine  vic- 
tim, it  would  be  even  better  to  prevent  the  famine. 
He  knew  that  behind  famine  is  flood  and  behind 
flood  is  lack  of  trees.  Therefore  he  resolved  that 
there  should  be  set  before  the  eyes  of  China  a  great 
object-lesson  in  forestation. 

Accordingly,  he  looked  about  for  a  place  to  estab- 
lish a  tree  nursery.  The  task  must  have  seemed  hope- 
less enough  to  his  companions,  for  Purple  Mountain 
was  a  barren  hill  and  there  was  no  soil  that  was  good 
enough  to  serve  the  purposes  of  a  first-class  nursery, 
but  Bailie,  as  usual,  soon  had  an  inspiration.    Not  far 


76  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

away  was  a  large,  stagnant  pond  which  went  under 
the  inappropriately  attractive  name  of  Lotus  Lake. 
Bailie  put  a  regiment  of  his  one-time  paupers,  now 
eager,  competent  workers,  on  the  job  of  digging  up 
the  humus  from  the  bottom  of  Lotus  Lake,  breaking 
it  into  fine  particles,  mixing  it  with  heavy  clay  soil  and 
a  little  sand,  and  carting  it  to  the  site  chosen  for  the 
nursery.  Thus  Bailie  took  up  the  floor  of  a  lake  and 
plastered  it  on  the  mountainside  half-way  up  to  serve 
as  a  breeding-ground  for  his  forests.  When  three 
thousand  cart-loads  of  the  material  had  been  deposited, 
seeds  were  planted,  and  after  the  seedlings  had  at- 
tained some  growth  they  were  transplanted  in  the 
cruder  soil  of  the  mountain.  Thousands  upon  thou- 
sands of  lusty  young  trees,  black  locust,  walnut,  yel- 
low pine,  white  pine,  ginkgo,  candleberry  trees,  maple, 
Osage  orange,  apple,  pear,  peach,  persimmon,  apricot, 
plum,  prune,  cherry,  fig,  and  many  others  were  so 
planted. 

But  even  the  course  of  common  sense  does  not  al- 
ways run  quite  smoothly.  Superstition  entered  the 
scene  and  in  a  few  hours  destroyed  two  hundred  thou- 
sand of  Bailie's  trees.  An  old  woman  burning  paper 
money  at  the  grave  of  her  ancestors  inadvertently 
started  a  fire  which  before  it  could  be  put  out,  burnt 
over  the  entire  flank  of  the  mountain. 

Needless  to  say,  this  disaster  did  not  halt  Bailie  but 
merely  gave  him  another  of  his  inevitable  inspirations. 
He  would  plant  more  trees  and,  at  regular  intervals, 
make  long,   treeless  strips  or  fire-breaks   forty   feet 


TREES  AND  MEN  77 

wide,  just  wide  enough  so  that  no  ordinary  fire  could 
jump  them.  Moreover,  up  and  down  these  strips 
he  would  build  brick  houses  in  which  would  be  estab- 
lished colonists  who  would  cultivate  the  land  of  the 
jfire-breaks,  and  incidentally  guard  the  forest  in  their 
vicinity.  Thus  the  work  of  forest  protection  would  be 
automatic  and  would  cost  nothing. 

This  plan  was  carried  out,  and  when  Joseph  Bailie 
took  me  to  his  mountain  one  rainy,  midsummer  day 
in  191 5,  I  saw  rising  up  into  the  shower  a  giant  of 
nature  wearing  a  striped  dress  of  green  and  yellow, 
the  green  being  forest  and  the  yellow  the  fire-breaks. 
Occasionally  on  the  fire-breaks  appeared  a  red  spot 
which  marked  the  brick  home  of  a  colonizing  family. 
We  tramped  through  the  rain  and  mud  from  house 
to  house.  I  have  never  seen  broader  smiles  than  those 
which  greeted  Bailie.  No  man  ever  got  a  more  heart- 
felt welcome  than  did  this  big,  genial  Irishman  in 
his  rough  clothes  and  rubber  boots  up  to  his  knees — 
Bailie  the  farmer,  but  also  Bailie  the  mathematician, 
who  knew  how  to  put  two  and  two  together  to  make 
human  happiness. 

The  Naiion's  First  'Arbor  Day 
Without  any  apparent  reason  Mr.  Bailie  led  me 
through  a  series  of  mud-holes  to  a  small  knoll  where, 
so  far  as  one  could  make  out,  there  was  absolutely 
nothing  to  see.  Almost  under  foot  was  an  unimpor- 
tant-looking sprig  a  few  inches  tall.  "  This,"  said 
Bailie,  "  is  the  most  distinguished  tree  on  the  whole 
mountain." 


78  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

After  he  had  told  me  its  story  I  realized  that  prob- 
ably he  should  have  called  it  not  merely  the  most 
distinguished  tree  on  the  mountain,  but  the  most  dis- 
tinguished in  all  China.  That  little  sprig  represented 
the  first  official  tree-planting  in  the  history  of  China. 
On  the  day  that  it  was  put  in  the  ground,  Arbor  Day 
was  established  for  the  whole  nation.  The  tree  was 
planted  by  the  Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Commerce 
of  the  Chinese  Republic.  His  Excellency  Chang 
Chien,  had  long  been  watching  and  admiring  Bailie's 
work  and  at  his  request  the  distinguished  man  made  a 
special  trip  to  Nanking  and  with  many  other  promi- 
nent officials  visited  Purple  Mountain,  where  he  took 
the  chief  part  in  a  formal  ceremony  of  tree-planting, 
which,  as  he  said,  was  symbolical,  for  it  was  the  be- 
ginning and  example  of  a  great  movement.  In  his 
address  following  the  ceremony  he  expressed  his  hope 
that  the  particular  tree  which  he  had  planted  would 
live  and  grow;  and  his  greater  hope  that  the  idea 
which  the  tree  represented  would  also  live  and  would 
scatter  its  seed  in  the  farthest  reaches  of  the  re- 
public. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  day  which  Irish 
wit  had  suggested  as  the  national  Arbor  Day  of  China 
was  already  a  national  holiday  called  Ching  Ming, 
upon  which  occasion  multitudes  of  people  were  accus- 
tomed to  go  out  into  the  country  and  burn  bushes, 
or  chop  down  small  trees  or  shrubs  that  had  grown 
up  around  the  graves  of  their  ancestors.  Now  the 
day  of  forest  destruction  had  been  converted,  by  au- 


TREES  AND  MEN  79 

thority  of  the  Chinese  government,  into  a  day  of  pro- 
tection and  propagation. 

A  New  Vocation  for  China's  Youth 

There  was  another  event  that  the  Minister  of  Agri- 
culture and  Commerce  celebrated  during  his  visit  to 
Nanking.  This  was  the  fruition  of  another  of  Bailie's 
dreams — the  official  opening  of  the  School  of  Forestry 
of  the  University  of  Nanking,  the  first  school  of  its 
kind  in  China.  Bailie  had  not  been  content  to  present 
his  afforested  mountain  as  a  great  example  to  China. 
He  wanted  to  train  young  forestry  experts  who  would 
take  the  message  of  forestation  to  the  farthest  parts 
of  the  republic. 

In  organizing  this  project  he  was  aided  by  the  ad- 
yice  and  cooperation  of  Major  Ahern,  Director  of 
the  Bureau  of  Forestry  of  the  Philippines.  The  new 
school  of  forestry  opened  on  March  15,  191 5,  with 
an  initial  enrolment  of  seventeen  students.  The 
Chinese  government  made  an  appropriation  of  three 
thousand  dollars  to  the  school  and  substantial  help 
was  also  given  by  the  Famine  Relief  Committee,  the 
governor  of  Anhwei,  the  governor  of  Shantung,  and 
others. 

At  first  the  students  were  put  to  work  on  the  study 
of  English.  A  knowledge  of  English  was  necessary 
before  the  literature  of  forestry  could  be  studied,  since 
there  is  no  literature  of  value  on  that  subject  in  the 
Chinese  language.  In  the  meantime,  however,  the 
students  were  given  practical  field  work  and  plenty 


8o  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

of  it.  The  thousands  of  workmen  engaged  in  agri- 
culture, tree  planting,  and  building  on  Purple  Moun- 
tain, required  supervision.  The  students  soon  learned 
that  supervision  did  not  mean  standing  on  a  hilltop 
and  shouting  orders.  It  meant  getting  right  down 
among  the  coolies  and  doing  everything  from  digging 
fertilizer  and  carrying  bricks,  to  preparing  chicken 
feed.  In  China  it  has  been  considered  a  disgrace  to 
work  with  the  hands.  Fine  gentlemen  permit  their 
finger  nails  to  grow  out  slender  and  fragile  an  inch  or 
two  in  length  to  serve  as  an  indication  that  they  never 
do  any  manual  work.  What  an  experience  it  was 
for  the  sons  of  nobility,  and  the  grandson  of  a  cabinet 
official,  who  was  one  of  the  pupils,  to  get  their  hands 
blistered  and  bleeding,  and  their  delicate  bodies  sweat- 
ing in  common  labor,  shoulder  to  shoulder  with  an 
army  of  illiterate  famine  refugees !  But  Bailie  did  it, 
too,  and  he  was  stern  in  the  requirements  that  he 
made  upon  his  young  foresters,  coolie  and  gentleman 
alike. 

The  Day  of  Long  Finger  Nails  Is  Passing 

"  The  credit  for  taking  care  of  cattle  and  fowls," 
Bailie  wrote  to  a  Chinese  newspaper,  "  for  digging  a 
drain,  plowing  a  furrow,  preparing  land  for  a  nursery, 
planting  the  seeds  and  trees,  and  pruning  trees,  will 
count  just  as  much  as  knowledge  of  agronomy  or  plant 
physiology.  The  student  who  will  not  learn  the  use 
of  the  pick  and  shovel,  the  plow,  the  seeder,  and  the 
mower  will  be  treated  in  the  Department  of  Agricul- 


TREES  AND  MEN  Bl 

ture  just  as  a  student  who  will  not  learn  to  use  the 
knife  or  the  forceps  in  the  Department  of  Medicine 
would  be  treated.  The  decision  as  to  whether  a  stu- 
dent will  be  permitted  to  take  his  second  and  third 
years'  course  will  depend  to  a  great  extent  on  how  he 
has  learned  his  field  work  during  the  first  year,  and 
especially  on  his  practical  efficiency.  We  want  to 
train  men  who  can  go  out  and  take  charge  of  a  school 
and  experimental  station  on  an  estate,  and  a  man  who 
;s  accustomed  to  take  responsibility  while  in  school 
>vill  find  no  difficulty  in  the  transition  from  Nanking 
to  a  new  post.  Men  who  are  looking  forward  to 
making  the  knowledge  gained  at  our  school  a  means 
of  gaining  an  official  position,  or  of  acquiring  any 
situation  by  which  they  can  sit  in  an  office  and  get 
other  men  to  do  the  actual  work,  will  be  disappointed 
if  they  apply  and  are  admitted.  There  are,  according 
to  to-day's  paper  (May  14,  1914)  one  hundred  and  ten 
thousand  office-seekers  in  Peking  now,  which  is  suffi- 
cient, whereas  I  don't  know  of  one  hundred  and  ten 
men — qualified — actually  '  on  the  job  '  in  industrial 
concerns.  Any  fellow  who  has  the  grit  to  work  and 
isn't  afraid  to  dirty  his  hands  and  shoes  when  the  oc- 
casion demands  it,  will  find  himself  in  congenial  com- 
pany among  us." 

The  introduction  of  the  conception  of  the  dignity  of 
labor  is  one  of  the  finest  of  Bailie's  achievements. 
China  will  not  move  ahead  industrially  until  her  men 
of  education  learn  that  to  practise  coal-mining,  agri- 
culture, and  other  industries  of  the  shovel  and  hoe,  is 


82  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

just  as  worthy  as  to  practise  the  dainty  art  of  callig- 
raphy with  a  gold-mounted  brush. 

Scholar  as  Well  as  Farmer 

However,  although  Bailie  believed  in  plenty  of  field 
work,  he  also  believed  that  practical  efficiency  must  be 
backed  up  by  a  thorough  training  in  theory.  His  class 
work  is  as  stiff  as  his  field  work.  Here,  for  example, 
are  some  of  the  courses  of  study  prescribed  for  his 
students  in  agriculture  and  forestry  during  their  term 
of  four  years  in  the  University:  English,  Chinese, 
biology,  inorganic  chemistry,  geology,  soil  technology, 
surveying,  qualitative  chemical  analysis,  botany, 
farm  crops,  silvics,  meteorology,  quantitative  chemical 
analysis,  entomology,  horticulture,  plant  physiolog}^ 
manures  and  fertilizers,  principles  of  forestry,  agricul- 
tural chemistry,  economic  entomology,  taxonomy  of 
the  higher  plants,  economics,  animal  husbandry,  rural 
economics,  fish  culture,  methods  of  experimentation, 
farm  management,  poultry  management,  pomology, 
irrigation  and  drainage,  rural  social  conditions,  plant 
breeding,  forest  seeding  and  planting,  dendrology,  for- 
est laws,  forest  utilization,  forest  physiography,  forest 
entomology,  history  of  forestry,  forest  mensuration, 
forest  finance,  wood  technology,  forest  pathology, 
wood  preservation,  forest-working  plans. 

Bailie  has  not  only  proved  himself  to  be  a  good 
mathematician,  a  scientific  farmer,  and  a  great  human-? 
ist  with  a  practical  working  sympathy  for  China's  mil-* 
lions  of  non-producers,  who  he  thinks  can  be  made 


TREES  AND  MEN  83" 

happy  and  efficient  producers,  but  he  has  also  shown 
himself  to  be  a  thorough  scholar  and  educator. 

So  impressed  was  the  Chinese  government  by  the 
nature  of  the  training  that  was  being  given  at  Nan- 
king University,  that  they  finally  proposed  to  disband 
the  Government  School  of  Forestry  which  they  had 
been  maintaining  in  Peking,  and  to  send  twenty-four 
of  their  best  students  to  Nanking  where  they  would 
continue  their  work  under  the  direction  of  Professor 
Bailie.  The  Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Commerce, 
in  suggesting  the  change,  told  Mr.  Bailie  frankly  that 
the  Government  School,  in  spite  of  all  the  money  that 
had  been  put  into  it,  was  not  as  efficient  as  his,  and 
spoke  of  the  Nanking  school  in  flattering  terms.  Thus 
Bailie's  school  was  indorsed  as  the  pivotal  institution 
of  the  nation  for  the  teaching  of  agriculture  and  for- 
estry. 

Thinking  in  Terms  of  Men,  Not  Trees 

It  is  characteristic  of  Bailie  that  he  never  thinks 
merely  in  terms  of  trees,  or  plows,  or  vegetables,  but 
always  in  terms  of  the  human  element,  the  workers  of 
China  and  those  who  should  be  workers  and  are  not. 
,This  appears  in  his  colonization  work  for  giving  jobs 
to  people  who  had  none,  and  in  his  forestation  work 
for  preventing  flood  and  famine  from  taking  away 
jobs  from  people  who  had  them. 

The  same  spirit  is  evident  in  his  establishment  of  a 
so-called  "  Tree-Seed  Exchange."  He  was  not  par- 
ticularly interested  in  tree-seeds,  but  in  the  people  who 


84  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS' 

would  gather  them.  His  proposal  was  that  the  poor 
of  China  should  collect  seeds  and  send  them  to  him  to 
be  paid  for  at  a  good  rate,  and  that  the  seeds  should 
be  used  either  in  his  own  forestation  projects  or  sold 
in  the  open  market. 

His  reasons  for  purchasing  Chinese  seeds  in  pref- 
erence to  buying  from  foreign  countries  were  given 
by  him  as  follows: 

"  I.  All  the  money  paid  goes  to  help  the  poor  of 
China. 

"  2.  This  is  in  reality  creating  a  new  industry  and 
one  badly  needed  to  help  us  in  forestry  work. 

"  3.  We  shall  enlist  the  services  of  the  very  poor 
and  of  those  who  are  now  destitute.  These  people 
are  at  present  the  greatest  enemies  to  forestry  in 
China,  as  the  poor  creatures  cut  down  and  dig  up 
roots  to  sell  for  a  few  cents  with  which  to  purchase 
food  to  keep  themselves  alive.  Now  if  we  can  enlist 
great  numbers  of  these,  even  for  a  short  time  every 
year,  in  collecting  tree-seeds  for  which  we  pay  a  fair 
price,  they  will  soon  begin  to  realize  that  it  is  to  their 
own  advantage  to  protect  the  trees.  As  most  of  the 
seeds  would  be  collected  by  the  children  we  would  be 
educating  the  rising  generation  in  forestry.  The  pur- 
chasing of  native  tree-seeds  would  convert  the  great- 
est enemies  of  forestry  into  our  best  friends  and  co- 
workers. 

'*  4.  The  native  trees  are  more  likely  to  succeed 
than  those  imported. 

"5.    Jhe  seeds  purchased  from  foreign  countries 


China  learns  to  plant  trees.  Arbor  Day,  introduced  by  the 
farmer-missionary  of  Nanking  University,  is  now  observed 
throughout  the  nation. 


TREES  AND  MEN  85 

cost,  laid  down  here,  from  ten  to  five  hundred  times 
the  cost  of  native  seeds,  of  the  very  same  kinds,  and 
at  the  same  time  a  very  big  risk  is  run  in  importing 
seeds,  since  a  great  many  lose  their  power  of  germina- 
tion in  crossing  the  ocean. 

"  6.  Now  that  the  vacant  hills  are  so  many  and  the 
seed-bearing  trees  so  few,  compared  with  the  great 
areas  to  be  planted,  we  need  to  conserve  all  the  seeds 
we  can,  of  course  using  judgment  in  the  selection  of 
the  seeds  that  we  handle.  Every  one  hundred  dollars 
spent  this  coming  autumn  in  purchasing  seeds  from 
the  poor  in  China,  not  only  relieves  that  much  want, 
but  makes  it  possible  to  have  several  millions  of  young 
trees  for  planting. 

"  Let  us  all  join  in  developing  the  natural  resources 
of  China,  using  the  things  that  are  running  to  waste 
around  us  to  help  in  making  this  country  what  it 
must  one  day  become,  the  greatest  and  most  beautiful 
country  on  God's  earth." 

Securing  Action  on  the  Part  of  the  Government 

In  all  his  activities  it  was  Professor  Bailie's  ambi- 
tion to  stimulate  to  action  the  Chinese  government 
which,  being  the  most  powerful  agency  in  the  nation, 
was  best  fitted  to  spread  the  gospel  of  the  conservation 
of  life  and  labor  throughout  China.  This  ambition 
is  being  realized.  Provincial  governors  are  coming 
from  afar  to  look  at  Bailie's  work,  and  they  go  back 
and  start  similar  or  related  work  in  their  own 
provinces.    The  Governor  of  Anhwei  requested  Bailie's 


S6  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

assistance  in  starting  no  less  than  seven  great  enter- 
prises in  his  province:  i,  the  afforestation  of  the 
mountains  of  the  province;  2,  the  development  of  a 
stock  ranch  and  general  farm;  3,  the  development  of 
the  alkali  beds  of  the  province;  4,  the  development 
of  a  tannery;  5,  the  development  of  the  manufacture 
of  phosphorus  from  bones  and  the  manufacture  of 
bone  manure;  6,  the  manufacture  of  straw  hats;  7,  the 
development  of  the  manufacture  of  paper.  Professor 
Bailie  cooperated  in  this  plan  by  securing  Christian 
experts  from  America  to  head  these  industries. 

The  Chinese  Arbor  Day,  conceived  by  Joseph  Bailie, 
inaugurated  on  the  slope  of  Purple  Mountain,  was 
later  officially  established  by  Presidential  mandate,  and 
is  now  observed  annually  throughout  the  republic. 
The  government  issues  a  pamphlet  in  which  a  plant- 
ing ceremony  is  outlined  and  the  following  sugges- 
tions are  given: 

"  After  the  planting  cerem.ony  is  over  the  students 
might  be  given  an  opportunity  to  write  or  to  discuss 
the  importance  of  forest  trees;  how  they  supply  mate- 
rial for  homes,  for  fuel,  and  for  thousands  of  indus- 
tries; how  they  store  water  for  streams  to  quench 
men's  thirst,  to  irrigate  their  lands,  to  drive  their  mills, 
and  to  fill  their  river  streams  for  vast  traffic  of  inland 
navigation;  how  they  influence  rainfall,  humidity, 
sanitation;  and  how  they  protect  useful  wild  life  and 
increase  the  beauty  of  the  country.'* 

From  the  tenor  of  these  suggestions  it  may  be  con- 
cluded that  the  government  has  caught  a  very  real 


TREES  AND  MEN  ^ 

glimpse  of  the  significance  of  forestation.  The  ob- 
servance of  Arbor  Day  will  spread  this  knowledge, 
which  has  already  been  gained  by  the  officials,  through- 
out the  great  mass  of  the  people. 

Day  of  Uprooting  Made  a  Day  of  Tree-Planting 

In  1916  tens  of  thousands  of  trees  were  planted 
by  school  children,  and  by  the  military  in  all  sections 
of  China.  In  the  Province  of  Kiangsi  alone  twelve 
thousand  trees  were  planted  on  the  day  formerly  ob- 
served for  tree  destruction.  When  Arbor  Day  came 
around  in  the  year  19 17,  the  festival  was  personally 
attended  for  the  first  time  by  the  President  of  the 
republic  in  the  sacred  grounds  of  the  Temple  of 
Heaven — where  emperors  used  to  bend  their  knees 
in  the  worship  of  heaven,  and  earth,  and  the  gods  of 
war.  Although  the  day  of  gold  brocade,  chants,  and 
burnt  offerings  is  past,  still  the  modern  ceremony  of 
tree-planting  was  conducted  not  without  some  quaint 
touches  of  Oriental  dignity.  Here  is  the  official  pro- 
gram as  published  in  the  Peking  Gazette  on  the  morn- 
ing of  Arbor  Day : 

*'  When  the  President  arrives  the  band  plays  music 
and  all  the  officials  will  rise  and  take  off  their  hats. 
The  Minister  of  Agriculture  and  Commerce  will  es- 
cort the  President  to  the  rest-room.  The  official  in 
charge  will  then  report  to  the  Minister  of  Agriculture 
and  Commerce  that  everything  is  ready,  upon  which 
the  latter  escorts  the  President  to  the  ground  for  tree- 
planting.    The  President  will  be  followed  in  the  pro- 


88  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

cession  by  the  premier,  the  cabinet  ministers,  and  other 
officials.  When  the  President  arrives  at  the  ground, 
one  official  in  charge  will  support  the  tree  to  be  planted 
while  another  requests  the  President  to  perform  the 
ceremony.  The  President  will  then  personally  dig  the 
groimd  and  plant  the  tree.  He  also  waters  the  tree 
three  times.  This  ceremony  will  be  reported  by  the 
premier  and  other  officials.  The  President  will  leave 
the  ground  with  the  band  playing  and  the  officials 
baring  their  heads.'* 

Many  hundreds  of  trees  were  planted  on  that  day. 
'A  large  part  of  the  grounds  of  the  Temple  of  Heaven 
had  been  permanently  set  aside  for  afforestation  and 
experimentation.  Places  formerly  occupied  by  the 
trappings  of  ceremonial  worship  Were  now  taken  up 
by  agricultural  exhibits  consisting  of  samples  of  lum- 
ber, seeds,  trees,  and  plants  collected  from  all  parts  of 
China.  At  the  present  time  the  trees  that  have  been 
taken  from  the  nurseries  of  the  Temple  of  Heaven  and 
transplanted  on  the  hills  near  Peking  number  consider- 
ably more  than  half  a  million.  Arbor  Day  has  be- 
come firmly  established.  And  in  many  parts  of  China 
the  people  do  not  even  wait  for  Arbor  Day.  Many 
occasions  of  rejoicing,  such  as  marriages,  births,  and 
festivals,  are  commemorated  by  a  tree-planting.  China 
is  getting  the  tree-planting  habit. 

Experimental  Stations  Established 

Another  reaction  of  Bailie's  work  upon  those  in 
authority  is  seen  in  the  establishment  by  the  govern- 


TREES  AND  MEN  89 

ment  of  forestry  experimental  stations  in  many  parts 
of  China.  No  station  was  opened  in  Kiangsi,  but 
Bailie's  mountain  was  officially  named  as  the  experi- 
mental station  for  that  province. 

Recently  a  regular  Forest  Service,  with  large  scope, 
has  been  inaugurated.  Its  stated  purpose  is  to  reforest 
waste  lands,  thus  aiding  the  common  people  by  reliev- 
ing the  present  scarcity  and  high  price  of  timber  and 
fire-wood;  to  reforest  the  more  important  river  sheds, 
thus  preventing  the  rivers  from  flooding  and  wiping 
out  the  employment  of  hundreds  of  thousands  of  the 
nation's  producers;  to  protect  the  existing  forests;  to 
encourage  private  parties  to  take  up  forestry  as  a 
profitable  business;  to  conduct  a  vigorous  pro-forestry 
publicity  campaign  for  the  education  of  all  classes 
of  the  people;  and  to  train  up  a  corps  of  youn^ 
Chinese  experts  to  help  direct  the  colossal  job  of  re- 
foresting China. 

Thus  Bailie's  work  is  being  multiplied.  It  is  doubt- 
ful if  any  other  one  man  has  done  as  much  for  the 
workers  of  China.  i 

Lifting  the  Eyes  of  China's  Toilers 

Look  again  at  the  picture  of  the  past.  Floods 
dumped  millions  of  people  jobless  on  the^  cities.  They 
glutted  the  labor  market.  They  brought  down  wages 
by  their  competition.  They  increased  the  number  and 
decreased  the  pay  of  riksha  runners,  domestic  ser- 
vants, and  factory  workers.  They  indulged  in  petty 
theft  in  order  to  keep  alive.    They  raised  the  cost  of 


90  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

farm  products  by  their  natural  demand  for  food  while 
their  farms,  which  should  have  been  producing  food, 
were  lying  idle. 

Now  turn  to  the  picture  of  the  future.  In  a  re- 
forested China  it  will  be  possible  for  these  people  to 
remain  in  employment  on  their  farms.  They  will 
keep  low  the  national  cost  of  living  by  their  uninter- 
rupted production  of  foodstuffs.  Because  they  stay 
out  of  the  cities,  competition  there  will  be  less  severe, 
wages  higher,  treatment  of  employees  better,  hours 
shorter,  and  toil  in  general  less  grinding. 

It  should  be  with  a  sense  of  divine  assurance  that 
Joseph  Bailie,  true  Christian  missionary,  continues  his 
loving  labor  of  unbending  the  backs  of  China's  toilers 
so  that  they  may  stand  erect  for  the  first  time;  may  lift 
up  their  eyes  from  the  dirt  of  the  struggle  for  exis- 
tence; may  gaze  out  with  enlightened  vision  over  an 
unfamiliar  world  of  knowledge;  perhaps  even  may 
look  up  and  see  the  stars ! 


IV 


REGENERATING  A  RACE  WITH  TOOLS  AND 
BIBLES 


IV 


REGENERATING  A  RACE  WITH  TOOLS 
AND  BIBLES 

*'  Any  Filipino  who  can  scribble  dog  verse  is  a 
songster,  a  new  Shelley,  a  budding  Omar  Khayyam. 
The  population  of  the  Philippines  is  ninety-nine  per 
cent,  poets  and  one  per  cent,  farmers." 

So  wrote  a  critic  of  the  Filipinos.  He  would  not 
be  correct  in  making  such  comment  to-day.  The 
work  of  the  United  States  in  transforming  millions 
of  easy-going,  tropical  "  poets  "  into  progressive  farm- 
ers, manufacturers,  and  merchants  is  an  achievement 
with  few  parallels  in  history. 

Only  eighteen  years  have  elapsed  since  the  United 
States  began  its  work  of  civilization  in  the  Philippines. 
The  changes  that  have  been  wrought  are  such  as  would 
require  a  hundred  years  in  the  ordinary  development 
of  nations.  And  so  silently  has  this  big  revolution 
been  effected  that  many  Americans  still  stand  un- 
aware of  it.  In  fact,  little  is  known  in  this  country 
concerning  the  Philippines.  Men  who  return  from 
that  part  of  the  world  complain  because  some  people 
in  America  do  not  seem  to  know  whether  the  Philip- 
pines are  one  of  St.  Paul's  Epistles  or  the  plural  of 
philopena. 

93 


94  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

A  Boston  business  firm  wrote  to  Manila  on  June 
the  eighth  and  again  two  weeks  later,  saying  on  the 
latter  date  that  they  had  received  no  answer  to  theirs 
of  the  eighth  and  insisting  upon  an  immediate  reply. 
This  must  have  proved  diverting  to  the  IManila  firm 
in  view  of  the  fact  that  to  transport  a  letter  to  the 
Philippines  and  bring  back  a  reply  to  America  re- 
quires at  least  two  months.  A  New  York  business 
house  referred  an  inquiry  from  Panama  to  its  agents 
in  the  Philippines,  assuming  that  the  two  places  were 
near  neighbors,  never  dreaming  that  they  were  on 
opposite  sides  of  the  earth. 

The  Hub  of  the  Oriental  Wheel 

The  Philippines  are  a  group  of  three  thousand  is- 
lands. The  Orient  circles  around  them  like  a  gigantic 
wheel  of  which  the  Philippines  form  the  hub.  The 
islands  of  the  Pacific  lie  on  the  east;  the  islands  of 
Malaysia  and  Australasia  on  the  south ;  Siam,  Burma, 
and  India  on  the  west;  China  and  Japan  on  the  north. 

The  population  of  the  Philippines  is  more  than 
eight  million  and  there  are  more  than  eight  hundred 
million  people  within  the  sphere  of  influence  of  the 
islands.  Therefore  a  colossal  experiment  in  regenera- 
tion at  this  point  has  more  than  local  significance.  It 
means  much  in  hope  and  example  for  the  entire  East. 

The  missionary  problem  of  the  Philippines  is  vitally 
affected  by  the  work  of  the  United  States  government. 
It  is  not  as  necessary  for  the  church  to  conduct  cer- 
tain lines  of  work  as  in  some  mission  fields  because 


REGENERATING  WITH  TOOLS  AND  BIBLES        95 

the  government  has  adequately  provided  for  those 
needs.  While  the  United  States  certainly  has  many 
industrial  situations  at  home  which  are  far  from 
Christian,  and  unfortunately  some  of  these  have  been 
carried  into  the  Philippines,  yet  on  the  whole  the  in- 
fluence of  the  American  occupation  of  the  islands  has 
been  exceedingly  helpful.  Although  entirely  separate, 
church  and  state  are  working  hand  in  hand  for  com- 
mon ends.  The  aim  of  both  is  to  help  the  Philippines 
to  avoid  falling  into  those  disastrous  industrial  en- 
tanglements which  have  caused  endless  trouble,  and 
to  establish  just  and  friendly  relationship  among  those 
who  toil. 

The  Land  of  Continual  Spring  Fever 

The  Filipinos  of  twenty  years  ago  were  people  of  a 
languid  and  easy-going  temperament  whose  ambitions 
were  fully  satisfied  when  their  stomachs  were.  In  such 
a  comfortable  land,  where  food  grew  so  abundantly, 
and  the  weather  was  so  warm  that  shelter  and  raiment 
were  largely  unnecessary,  the  stern  qualities  which 
characterize  men  of  more  vigorous  climates  were  not 
developed.  Farming  methods  were  very  crude.  A 
wooden  plow  scratched  the  earth,  seldom  turning  it 
for  a  depth  of  more  than  two  or  three  inches.  Only 
the  great  fertility  of  the  soil  made  a  successful  harvest 
possible.  ''  Many  of  them  farmed,"  says  one  investi- 
gator, ''  like  good  Saint  Isidore  who  prayed  all  day 
and  left  the  field  to  the  care  of  the  angels." 

Living  was  on  a  low  plane.    The  more  prosperous 


96  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

native  was  called  a  shoe  hombre  because  he  had 
reached  the  pinnacle  of  wealth  which  made  it  possible 
for  him  to  buy  and  wear  shoes.  Those  who  did  pos- 
sess money  did  not  dream  of  investing  it  in  useful 
undertakings.  Instead  they  buried  it  or  bought  dia- 
monds. Conditions  differed  widely  of  course  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  islands.  The  Igorots  and  other 
wild  tribes  knew  nothing  of  modern  civilization.  In 
other  sections  the  natives  had  learned  much  from  the 
Spanish. 

The  man  who  is  most  familiar  with  the  metamor- 
phosis, Dean  C.  Worcester,  Secretary  of  the  Interior 
of  the  Philippine  Islands,  describes  the  old-time  schools 
as  in  some  cases  actually  teaching  idleness.  "  The 
education  given  was  of  little  practical  value.  I  found 
Igorot  children  in  Lepanto  studying  geography.  I 
asked  a  boy  what  the  world  was  and  he  replied  that 
it  was  a  little  yellow  thing  about  the  size  of  his  hand  1 
This  was  a  fairly  accurate  description  of  a  map,  the 
significance  of  which  had  utterly  failed  to  penetrate  his 
understanding." 

The  child  of  any  well-to-do  family  would  be  fol- 
lowed to  school  by  a  servant  carrying  his  books.  A 
scandal  would  have  spread  all  over  town  if  a  child 
of  good  family  had  been  seen  carrying  so  much  as  a 
pad  and  pencil  in  his  own  hand. 

There  was  a  widespread  contempt  for  manual  labor. 
Those  who  had  any  aspiration  desired  to  become  ora- 
tors, poets,  lawyers,  doctors,  or  government  officials. 
Many  who  had  secured  professional  training  in  law  oi: 


REGENERATING  WITH  TOOLS  AND  BIBLES        97 

medicine  never  practised  their  professions.  They 
found  it  more  pleasant  to  live  in  genteel  idleness,  re- 
posing on  the  prestige  which  their  titles  had  given 
them. 

Learning  the  Meaning  of  a  Square  Deal 

What  a  stupendous  task  to  set  a  whole  population 
of  idleness-lovers  at  productive  work!  And  yet  that 
has  been  largely  accomplished.  The  fact  that  it  has 
been  done  in  so  short  a  time  speaks  volumes,  not  only 
for  American  leadership,  but  for  the  innate  capabilities 
of  the  Filipino. 

Many  obstacles  had  to  be  o-vcrcome — most  of  them 
obstacles  of  habit.  An  American  contractor  who 
>vished  to  build  an  electric  railroad  in  Manila  adver- 
tised for  laborers.  When  a  large  number  had  come 
he  spoke  to  them,  explaining  the  job,  and  invited  them 
to  begin  work  at  once.  The  only  answer  was  a  mur- 
mur of  dissatisfaction  and  a  shaking  of  heads.  Inter- 
preters told  him  that  the  men  were  refusing  to  begin 
work  until  they  had  been  paid  a  full  week's  wage 
in  advance.  Under  the  Spanish  regime  laborers  had 
not  uncommonly  been  employed  for  jobs  on  the  com- 
pletion of  which  they  were  turned  off  without  payment, 
or  with  only  a  small  fraction  of  the  amount  originally 
agreed  upon.  These  men,  -therefore,  were  sadly  wise 
— and  to  their  minds  all  white  men  were  alike. 

Finally  the  irate  contractor  bethought  himself  of 
a  collection  of  old  brass  checks.  These  were  brought 
to  light  and  one  hung  about  the  neck  of  each  man 


98  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

with  the  explanation  that  this  was  a  new  kind  of 
money  which  would  be  changed  into  dollars  on  pay 
day.  The  men  were  then  content  to  go  to  work. 
Within  a  few  weeks  they  discovered  that  the  checks 
were  really  of  no  value — but  they  also  discovered  that 
the  American  firm  was  treating  them  fairly  and  that 
they  would  not  be  cheated  out  of  their  wages. 

As  soon  as  the  square-dealing  of  the  Americans 
became  known  there  was  no  difficulty  in  securing 
labor.  Construction  camps  began  to  dot  the  country. 
A  construction  camp  in  the  Philippines  had  certain 
peculiarities.  It  was  found,  for  example,  that  the 
men  worked  best  under  the  spur  of  music.  Accord- 
ingly they  were  led  to  work  each  morning  by  a  brass 
band  which  made  the  welkin  ring  with  "  There'll  Be  a 
Hot  Time  in  the  Old  Town  To-night."  Arrived  at 
the  scene  of  operations,  the  men  would  assail  their 
work  with  great  enthusiasm.  The  music  master  would 
establish  his  band  under  a  tree  and  then  keep  his  eye 
on  the  men.  When  they  seemed  to  lag,  up  would  go 
his  baton  and  crash,  bang,  out  would  roll  the  music 
that  would  set  them  leaping  to  their  jobs  again. 

America  Has  Many  Characteristics  of  a  Mother 

It  took  some  time  to  get  accustomed  to  the  white 
man's  implements.  The  shovel  was  handled  awk- 
wardly at  first.  Even  after  several  months  a  work- 
man, if  startled  or  spoken  to  roughly,  would  revert  in 
a  panic  to  primitive  custom,  drop  his  shovel  and  begin 
to  scoop  up  earth  with  his  hands. 


REGENERATING  WITH  TOOLS  AND  BIBLES       99 

But  the  Americans  did  not  always  insist  upon  the 
use  of  Western  implements.  The  Filipino  or  Chinese 
saw  cuts  by  pulling.  The  American  saw  cuts  by  push- 
ing, and  the  result  is  that  the  saw  sometimes  buckles 
and  breaks.  The  Americans  soon  learned  that  the 
Oriental  saw  was  better  adapted  to  their  purpose,  and 
it  was  kept  in  use. 

Managers  had  some  difficulty  in  keeping  their  work- 
men constantly  on  the  job.  Many  of  the  best  laborers 
would  sometimes  be  absent  for  days  at  a  time.  An 
engineer  says :  "  One  of  the  peculiar  things  with  the 
native  is  that  whenever  he  wants  to  go  off  it  is  always 
a  case  of  his  mother  being  dead.  I  know  of  one 
native  who  buried  six  mothers  inside  of  three  months. 
He  was  employed  in  the  store  room  and  I  just  let  him 
off  each  time  and  kept  account  to  see  how  far  it 
would  go." 

Then  some  clear-minded  manager  saw  the  reason 
for  this  irregularity.  These  men  had  a  strong  do- 
mestic tendency  and  could  not  bear  to  be  kept  away 
for  a  long  time  from  their  families  who  were  back 
in  the  hills.  The  manager  built  nipa  shacks  and  es- 
tablished in  them  the  families  of  the  men  and  their 
household  goods.  The  men  were  delighted.  They 
were  now  content  to  stick  to  their  work  and  the  epi- 
demic among  mothers  was  checked. 

English  a  Great  Attraction 

When  the  hundreds  of  new  schools  established  by 
the   American   government   were   opened    they   were 


100  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

flooded  with  children.  In  some  places  the  parents 
came  also,  expecting  that  by  the  wonderful  American 
methods  they  would  be  able  to  attain  general  wisdom 
within  a  few  days.  The  English  language  was  the 
great  attraction.  This  they  meant  to  learn  in  short 
order.  They  soon  discovered  that  there  was  no  royal 
express  elevator  to  learning  and  a  bad  slump  in  at- 
tendance followed.  The  teacher  labored  hard  to  teach 
her  pupils  to  say,  "  Good  morning,  Mrs.  Kelly,'*  and 
that  was  about  all  that  was  learned  by  the  fathers  and 
mothers  of  families  before  they  grew  weary  of  study 
and  left  the  school.  Some  time  afterwards,  a  judge 
summoned  four  warriors  to  court.  Arriving,  they 
bowed  humbly  and  said,  "  Good  morning,  Mrs.  Kelly." 
However,  the  perseverance  of  the  teachers  gradually 
built  up  a  large  attendance  of  students  who  were  will- 
ing to  study  with  thoroughness,  and  whose  knowledge 
enlightened  the  homes  from  which  they  came. 

Agriculture  had  a  prominent  place  as  a  subject  for 
study.  The  agriculture  taught  was  not  theoretical  but 
practical,  and,  as  every  farmer  knows,  practical  agri- 
culture is  hard  work.  Strapping  young  fellows  who 
had  made  records  in  athletics  but  who  did  not  fancy 
standing  knee  deep  in  the  mud  all  day  setting  out  rice 
plants,  frequently  begged  to  be  let  off,  complaining 
that  they  could  not  "  suffer  the  work." 

An  Aching  Back  Takes  the  Novelty  Out  of  Farming 

The  novelty  of  farming  at  first  interests  a  lad  who 
has  never  used  his  hands,  but  a  few  days  are  enough 


America  is  clothing  body  as  well  as  mind  in  the  Philippmes 
There  are  thirteen  distinct  industrial  courses  for  girls,  most  ot 
which  teach  better  home-making. 


REGENERATING  WITH  TOOLS  AND  BIBLES      loi 

to  rub  off  the  shiny  veneer  of  novelty.  The  superin- 
tendent of  the  Central  Luzon  Agricultural  School  tells 
of  an  eager  candidate,  who  said  that  if  he  were  admit- 
ted he  would  work  seven  years  if  necessary.  "  His 
credentials  being  good  it  was  decided  to  admit  him 
on  probation.  After  two  or  three  days  he  had  had 
enough.  His  palms  were  blistered,  his  back  ached,  his 
spirit  was  broken.  He  was  a  sorry  boy  when  he  came 
up,  begging  to  let  oif .  His  seven  years  had  dwindled 
down  to  three  days." 

And  concerning  another  young  fellow  who  pre- 
sented himself  at  the  office  one  day  in  full  mourning, 
the  superintendent  relates :  "  The  crepe  on  his  arm 
was  very  conspicuous  and  he  had  not  even  forgotten 
to  put  some  on  his  hat.  He  told  a  most  pitiful  story 
of  how  his  father  had  just  died  and  that  he  was  the 
only  support  left  for  two  minor  children  of  tender 
age."  His  story  seemed  plausible  enough  but  the  act- 
ing was  a  little  overdone.  An  exchange  of  letters  with 
people  in  the  boy's  home  town  brought  the  informa- 
tion that  the  father  was  not  too  dead  to  handle  a 
switch  as  soon  as  he  could  lay  hold  of  his  son.  But 
such  instances  rapidly  became  exceptional.  American 
teachers,  by  their  example  as  well  as  by  their  teaching, 
have  done  much  to  popularize  industry.  They  did 
not  seem  afraid  to  carry  packages  through  the  streets, 
and  they  did  not  shrink  from  handling  a  hoe  or  driv- 
ing a  plow.  In  fact,  they  seemed  to  relish  this  sort  of 
thing.  A  spirit  of  emulation  took  its  slow  hold  upon 
the  people.     They  wanted  to  be  like  the  Americans. 


I02  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

The  idol  of  their  fancy  had  been  the  dandy  about 
town,  now  it  became  the  man  who  knew  how  to  use 
his  hands.  "  All  the  diplomacies  of  modern  courts, 
cabinets  and  cabals,"  says  Dr.  Edwin  Schell,  "  do 
not  equal  the  subtle  finesse  in  putting  the  Filipino  boy 
to  work.  It  is  Tom  Sawyer  up  to  date.  Not  with 
whitewash  and  brush  and  fence  to  be  covered,  but 
with  their  American  counterparts  under  the  blazing 
tropic  glare,  with  plow  and  hoe  and  corn  to  be 
grown."  School  children  of  the  Philippines  are  now 
eager  to  do  the  work  on  the  hundreds  of  school  farms, 
the  more  than  three  thousand  school  gardens,  and 
more  than  forty-eight  thousand  home  gardens,  all  of 
which  are  under  the  supervision  of  the  Bureau  of 
Education. 

Two  Crops  Where  One  Grew  Before 

An  agricultural  revolution  is  in  progress.  For 
many  years  some  of  the  tribes  carried  on  the  cultiva- 
tion of  rice  and  did  wonderful  work  in  the  building 
of  rice  terraces,  but  among  the  Negritos,  Igorots, 
and  other  wild  tribes  the  science  of  agriculture  was 
still  in  the  most  primitive  state.  Tribes  who  had  lived 
on  the  fertile  prairies  but  considered  the  soil  there 
unfit  for  cultivation  and  thought  that  they  had  to  go 
to  the  scraggly  hillsides  and  clear  away,  with  great 
labor,  enough  of  the  trees  and  stumps  and  stones  to 
make  space  for  cultivation,  have  been  shown  how  they 
can  get  far  greater  returns  from  the  splendid  prairie 
soil  at  their  very  doors.     Now  the  plows  are  kept  go- 


REGENERATING  WITH  TOOLS  AND  BIBLES      103 

ing  day  and  night,  and  many  of  these  farmers  are 
becoming  wealthy.  So  inoculated  are  they  with  the 
spirit  of  progress  that  in  one  town,  for  example,  where 
a  plow  arrived  in  advance  of  the  cattle  to  pull  it,  fif- 
teen men  promptly  hitched  themselves  to  it  and  kept 
it  moving  until  the  work  animals  arrived. 

One  tribe  had  the  custom  of  clearing  new  farms 
each  year  and  abandoning  the  old  ones,  for  they  were 
under  the  impression  that  a  second  crop  would  not 
grow  on  land  that  had  been  used.  These  people  have 
been  taught  the  rotation  of  crops  and  many  of  them 
now  produce  two  crops  each  year  on  the  same  land. 

The  inhabitants  of  coral  islands  where  there  is  no 
agricultural  land  have  been  taught  sea-farming  and 
are  beginning  to  secure  good  returns  from  the  collec- 
tion and  marketing  of  sponges,  button  shells,  and 
trepang. 

The  modern  threshing  machine  produces  so  much 
more  grain  from  a  stack  of  a  given  size  than  can  be 
extracted  by  native  methods,  that  the  natives  were  sure 
at  first  that  there  must  be  a  deposit  of  grain  hidden 
away  inside  the  machine,  and  insisted  upon  poking 
their  heads  in  to  see  where  it  was.  In  the  same  way 
the  modern  sugar  mill  which  extracts  ninety  per  cent, 
of  the  sugar  from  the  cane  was  a  source  of  wonder 
to  natives  accustomed  to  the  old-time  wooden  mill 
which  extracts  only  twenty  to  fifty  per  cent.  Poultry 
clubs  have  been  developed  throughout  the  country  with 
such  success  that  in  1916  the  government  was  able  to 
buy  three  hundred  and  thirty  thousand  dollars'  worth 


i«4     ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

of  eggs  to  help  supply  the  war  markets  of  the  United 
States  and  Europe. 

The  islands  now  sell  about  nine  million  dollars' 
worth  of  hemp  every  year.  American  methods  of 
cultivation  and  irrigation  in  one  district  increased  the 
production  of  hemp  by  six  hundred  per  cent. 

American  Agriculture  Opens  Filipino  Eyes 

Frequent  argicultural  fairs  have  been  held  and  the 
natives  marvel  at  the  size  of  the  vegetables  displayed. 
One  old  Spaniard,  looking  at  some  large  tomatoes, 
remarked  that  it  was  most  excellent  work  for  school 
children  to  make  such  papier-mache  products.  The 
exhibitor  explained  to  him  that  the  tomatoes  had  been 
grown  in  school  gardens.  This  information  was  re- 
ceived with  very  evident  doubt.  The  Spaniard,  though 
too  polite  to  say  so,  was  apparently  convinced  that  the 
exhibitor  was  trying  to  fool  him.  One  of  the  finest 
tomatoes  was  handed  to  him  and  he  was  requested  to 
insert  his  thumb  into  the  juicy  contents  until  he  was 
persuaded  that  it  was  the  genuine  article,  an  edible  to- 
mato. 

Savages  of  Moroland,  who  had  been  fighting  the 
Americans,  were  shown  some  agricultural  implements. 
They  put  aside  their  weapons  and  came  grinning  to 
investigate  these  strange  tools.  They  took  turns  plow- 
ing, harrowing,  and  cultivating.  Then  they  inquired 
the  prices  of  the  implements,  and  one  chief  wanted  to 
buy  a  cultivator  and  half  a  harrow. 

Corn  had  been  regarded  as  food  only  fit  for  pigs 


REGENERATING  WITH  TOOLS  AND  BIBLES      105 

and  was  rejected  by  all  Filipinos  who  had  money 
enough  to  buy  anything  else  to  eat,  but  here  again 
the  spirit  of  emulation  was  put  into  effect  and  brought 
results.  Corn-growing  contests  developed  a  keen 
rivalry,  medals  were  given  to  the  winners  and  in  191 5 
a  Filipino  boy,  Melchor  Roldan,  was  awarded  chief 
honors  at  the  Panama-Pacific  Exposition  as  champion 
corn-grower  of  the  Philippines.  Thousands  of  boys 
are  now  hustling  to  capture  similar  laurels.  Philip- 
pine corn  exhibits  in  one  year  were  attended  by  half  a 
million  people.  How  to  make  appetizing  dishes  by 
the  use  of  corn  has  been  taught,  and  this  food  is  now 
one  of  the  most  popular  in  the  islands. 

We  think  that  the  state  of  Ohio  is  doing  well  when 
two  hundred  boys  and  girls  enroll  in  the  year's  corn- 
growing  contest,  until  we  learn  of  one  small  district 
of  the  Philippines,  called  Agusan,  with  its  one  thou- 
sand, one  hundred  and  thirty-four  enrolments.  In 
proportion  to  the  population  Ohio  would  need  to  have 
two  hundred  thousand  entries  in  order  to  have  the 
same  pro  rata  as  that  of  Agusan. 

Formerly  little  tree-planting  was  done.  Such  plant- 
ing as  was  carried  on  was  hedged  about  by  supersti- 
tion. It  was  believed,  for  example,  that  when  planting 
a  banana  tree  a  person  must  never  look  up  and  that  if 
he  does  it  w411  be  a  very  long  time  before  the  tree 
bears  fruit.  When  planting  coconut-trees  men  would 
carry  children  on  their  backs,  believing  that  this  would 
cause  the  trees  to  bear  fruit  more  abundantly.  Grad- 
ually the  people  were  taught  that  seed  collection,  soil, 


so6  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

and  cultivation  were  the  important  factors.  Nurseries 
in  connection  with  the  public  schools  now  supply  thou- 
sands of  trees  annually,  and  Arbor  Day  is  becoming 
observed  by  tree-planting  throughout  the  islands. 

Teaching  the  Use  of  Hands 

The  schools  of  the  Philippines,  besides  the  training 
which  they  furnish  in  agriculture,  teach  everything 
from  brick-making  to  embroidery.  The  blacksmith 
acquires  his  art  in  a  public  trade  school.  The  needle 
worker  learns  to  take  the  hip  bag  of  the  Ifugao  v/ild 
man  and  readapt  it  as  a  vanity  bag  for  milady  of 
America.  According  to  a  statement  of  Mr.  Sturte- 
vant  of  the  Philippine  Bureau  of  Education,  there  are 
given,  throughout  the  Philippine  Islands,  fifty  distinct 
industrial  courses.  Of  these  he  says  thirteen  are  es- 
pecially for  girls  and  include  household  industries 
(cooking  and  plain  sewing)  and  household  arts  (fancy 
needlework  and  lace  making);  eighteen  are  especially 
for  boys  and  include  wood-working,  pottery,  bamboo- 
rattan  furniture  making,  carving  on  wood  and  bam- 
boo, many  forms  of  basketry  and  gardening;  while 
nineteen  are  courses  which  either  girls  or  boys  study 
as  conditions  determine,  among  which  are  hat-making, 
loom-weaving,  hand-weaving,  slipper-making,  and  the 
platting  of  buri  and  pandan. 

Even  the  jails  have  been  transformed  into  schools. 
The  San  Ramon  prison  farm  consists  of  a  grove  of 
seven  thousand  five  hundred  coconut-trees.  The  pris- 
pners  here  are  not  losing  their  minds  in  darkened  cells, 


REGENERATING  WITH  TOOLS  AND  BIBLES      107 

but  are  becoming  familiar  with  a  business  which  will 
enable  them  after  they  leave  to  be  respectable  and  self- 
supporting.  So  elaborate  and  thorough  is  the  indus- 
trial training  of  the  Bilibid  prison  in  Manila  that 
Dean  Worcester  has  been  accustomed  to  call  it  his 
"  university." 

Describing  the  change  which  the  United  States  has 
accomplished  in  the  Philippines,  Robert  E.  Speer  says : 
"  If  any  American  thinks  meanly  of  his  country  or 
doubts  the  value  of  the  work  it  has  done  in  the  Philip- 
pines, I  wish  that  he  could  have  made  this  *  visit  to 
Cebu  with  us.  Whatever  view  men  may  take  of  the 
wisdom  of  our  having  come  here  in  the  first  place  or 
of  the  course  which  we  should  pursue  in  the  future, 
they  could  not  visit  the  Island  of  Cebu  without  an 
overwhelming  realization  of  the  beneficence  of  the 
work  which  our  nation  has  done  here.  Apart  from 
all  the  material  benefit  which  has  been  brought  to  the 
people,  the  evidence  of  which  is  written  all  over  the 
island  in  improved  homes,  better  dress,  increased  pros- 
perity, there  are  the  unmistakable  signs  everywhere 
of  a  free  and  intelligent  spirit  and  enterprise,  a  con- 
fidence, a  cheerful  and  friendly  equality  of  manhood, 
such  as  make  the  whole  atmosphere  of  life  here  as 
different  from  the  atmosphere  which  we  found  in 
Siam  as  day  from  night." 

These  Activities  Must  Have  a  Christian  Foundation 

If  the  American  government  has  done  so  much 
for  the  improvement  of  the  conditions  of  the  Fili- 


io8  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

pinos,  is  there  any  task  left,  for  the  American  mis- 
sionary ?  There  is,  and  it  is  a  great  task.  The  people 
of  the  Philippines,  as  suggested  before,  lack  solidity 
of  character.  Industrial  development  alone  will  not 
give  it  to  them,  although  it  will  help  to  do  so.  What- 
ever poetry  they  have  in  their  souls,  and  they  have 
much,  they  lack  the  poetry  of  truly  spiritual  ideals. 
Again,  mere  industry  cannot  provide  the  long  forward 
look  into  eternity,  which  gives  propulsion  and  pur- 
pose to  life. 

The  farmer  is  apt  to  be  a  better  farmer  for  being 
a  Christian,  for  his  character  is  firmer  and  his  ideals 
are  higher.  The  same  is  true  of  the  blacksmith,  the 
machinist,  the  carpenter,  the  engineer,  the  manager, 
and  the  great  employer  of  labor.  The  Filipinos  learn 
arts  and  trades  readily.  Whether  they  will  develop 
these  industries  in  a  large  and  powerful  way  and  use 
them  for  the  benefit  and  blessing  of  the  entire  world, 
depends  on  something  more  than  nimble  fingers  and 
quick  brains.  It  depends  upon  character  and  faith. 
Industry  may  be  either  a  curse  or  a  benediction.  It 
is  the  business  of  the  missionary  to  see  to  it  that  the 
foundation-stone  of  Christian  character  is  placed  un- 
der all  the  activities  of  the  Philippines,  so  that  the  in- 
creasingly powerful  influence  which  radiates  from 
these  islands  throughout  the  surrounding  Orient  may 
be  vitally  Christian. 

The  flag  of  Uncle  Sam  and  the  banner  of  the  mis- 
sionary went  into  the  Philippines  together.  Before 
the  firing  had  ceased  in  the  city  of  Manila  American 


REGENERATING  WITH  TOOLS  AND  BIBLES      109 

missionaries  had  arrived  and  had  begun  their  work. 

The  beginnings  were  small  indeed.  One  congrega- 
tion had  its  inception  with  a  man  who  got  a  piece 
of  steel  in  his  eye.  He  came  to  the  medical  mission- 
ary, who  succeeded  in  removing  from  the  man's  eye 
not  only  the  mote  of  steel,  but  also  a  beam  of  igno- 
rance and  prejudice,  and  this  first  convert  in  that  sec- 
tion was  instrumental  in  gathering  other  believers  and 
building  up  what  is  now  a  large  work. 

In  another  case  the  missionary  induced  a  man  and 
his  wife  to  live  in  the  open  air  under  a  mango  tree,  so 
that  the  woman  might  be  cured  of  incipient  tubercu- 
losis. The  couple  were  working  Christians  and  the 
tree  became  a  church  for  all  who  passed  that  way.  In 
still  another  center  the  work  sprang  from  the  influence 
of  a  few  copies  of  the  New  Testament  left  behind  by 
peddlers. 

Baptism  by  Force  in  the  Old  Days 

Although  there  were  scarcely  any  Protestant  Chris- 
tians in  the  islands  to  begin  with,  the  number  at  pres- 
ent exceeds  sixty-nine  thousand.  Formerly,  during 
the  Spanish  regime,  a  large  proportion  of  the  people 
had  been  nominally  Christians  under  the  Roman 
Catholic  Church.  This,  however,  had  meant  very  lit- 
tle to  them.  Many  of  them  had  been  baptized 
forcibly;  that  is  the  priest  had  gone  with  soldiers 
among  the  people  and  compelled  them  to  be  baptized, 
after  which  compulsory  ceremony  they  were  called 
Christians  and  members  of  the  Church. 


no  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

A  Jesuit  priest  insisted  that  a  certain  old  chief  of  a 
wild  tribe  must  be  baptized.  The  chief  said :  "  I  do 
not  want  to  be  baptized.  I  don't  know  anything  about 
this.  I  don't  understand  it.  I'd  rather  not  be  bap- 
tized. Please  don't  bother  us."  But  the  priest  said 
that  the  Spanish  government  would  demand  it  and 
he  was  only  sorry  that  he  had  not  brought  enough 
soldiers  to  enforce  the  ceremony  there  and  then.  The 
chief  finally  said :  "  You  are  a  man,  and  I  am  a  man. 
We  will  fight  and  if  you  lick  me  I  will  be  baptized; 
and  if  I  lick  you  neither  I  nor  my  people  will  be  bap- 
tized." This  angered  the  priest  to  the  point  of  indis- 
cretion. He  agreed  to  the  test  and  in  the  presence  of 
the  tribe  the  two  men  wrestled,  and  the  priest  was  laid 
out.  ''  Now,"  said  the  chief,  "  I  am  just  as  good  as 
you  are !    Perhaps  I  am  better  1 " 

Later  into  this  same  district  came  the  Protestant 
missionaries.  They  did  not  bring  soldiers  with  them, 
nor  did  they  go  around  showing  their  muscle.  In- 
stead they  brought  Bibles,  geographies,  arithmetics, 
and  medicine,  and  they  went  about  healing  and  teach- 
ing. Throughout  this  Davao  district  of  the  island 
of  Mindanao  went  these  white  friends  of  the  wild 
men  teaching  them  how  to  take  care  of  their  own 
health;  how  to  grow  better  corn,  rice,  and  eggplant; 
how  to  build  better  fences  of  wire;  how  to  do  sewing, 
weaving,  and  basketry;  how  to  use  the  first  soap  that 
had  ever  been  seen  in  that  country,  and  how  to  look 
up  through  the  mists  of  paganism  to  the  face  of  a 
Father  who  had  never  before  been  known  to  them. 


REGENERATING  WITH  TOOLS  AND  BIBLES      in 

Making  Steam  Engines  and  Mills  Christian  Agencies 

Missions  maintain  not  a  few  industrial  schools  in 
places  not  reached  by  government  education.  But 
there  is  a  difference  between  these  schools  and  those 
of  the  government.  In  the  mission  schools  the  effort 
is  made  to  combine  industrial  ability  with  Christian 
integrity.  At  the  famous  Silliman  Institute,  for  ex- 
ample, you  may  find  not  only  lathes,  steam-engines, 
and  sawmills,  you  may  also  find  a  strong  Sunday- 
school,  a  Christian  Endeavor  Society,  a  mM-week 
prayer-meeting,  and  regular  preaching  services  in  two 
dialects.  No  lad  is  barred  from  the  advantages  of 
this  school  for  lack  of  funds.  Every  boy  is  given  the 
opportunity  to  work  his  way  through. 

At  the  Jaro  Industrial  School,  industrial  training 
and  Christian  training  are  combined  with  training  in 
self-government.  The  student  body  is  organized  into 
a  self-governing  republic,  with  its  own  constitution 
and  by-laws,  of  which  the  following  is  the  preamble: 
"  We,  the  students  of  the  Jaro  Industrial  School,  in 
order  to  maintain  peace  and  order,  to  uphold  justice, 
to  acquire  moral  courage,  to  establish  the  liberty  of 
intelligently  choosing  one's  own  religion,  and  in  order 
to  train  ourselves  in  self-government,  do  hereby  adopt 
this  constitution  and  these  by-laws."  Mission  schools 
in  the  Island  of  Mindanao  and  at  Baguio,  Sagada,  and 
elsewhere  are  doing  aggressive  work  in  character 
building. 

A  striking  example  of  the  changed  conditions 
brought  about  by  education  is  found  at  Sagada  where 


112  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

the  Rev.  John  A.  Staunton,  of  the  Protestant  Epis- 
copal Church,  has  been  carrying  on  an  industrial 
work.  This  is  in  the  Igorot  region  and  when  the 
school  opened  the  people  were  absolutely  untouched 
by  civilization.  Now  the  boys  have  learned  stone-cut- 
ting so  well  that  they  are  building  a  magnificent  stone 
church.  They  do  excellent  printing;  run  a  machine 
shop  and  electric  light  plant,  and  conduct  an  "  Igorot 
Exchange."  In  reporting  this  work  to  Bishop  Brent, 
Mr.  Staunton  writes : 

''  I  ought  to  say  something  about  the  development 
of  our  Igorot  Exchange,  which  has  more  than  doubled 
its  business  during  the  past  year.  I  had  not  been 
working  long  in  Sagada  when  I  saw  clearty  that,  for 
the  benefit  of  the  people  among  whom  we  were  work- 
ing and  the  whole  district,  we  would  have  to  open  a 
general  store  w^here  people  could  obtain  the  necessi- 
ties at  a  reasonable  price.  In  the  past,  mountain  peo- 
ple had  no  incentive  to  steady  employment  because 
with  the  money  they  earned  a  fair  equivalent  could  not 
be  had  from  any  merchant  within  reach;  and,  to  take 
long  journeys  to  the  towns  of  the  lowlands  for  the 
purpose  of  purchasing  supplies  meant  that  the  pack- 
horse  would  eat  more  fodder  on  the  up  trip  than  he 
could  carry  on  his  back.  The  Igorot  Exchange  which 
was  the  outcome  of  my  attempt  to  solve  the  problem 
of  steady  labor  and  a  living  wage,  has  largely  accom- 
plished its  purpose.  To  a  considerable  extent  it  acts 
as  a  balance-wheel  in  the  district  regulating  the  prices 
of   staple   commodities  and   establishing  a   true   and 


REGENERATING  WITH  TOOLS  AND  BIBLES      113 

just  relation  between  the  earnings  of  the  people  and 
their  necessities. 

"  In  our  Igorot  Exchange  we  buy  everything  that 
the  native  will  produce,  and  we  handle  everything 
that  he  wants  to  buy.  The  fact  that  we  do  a  consid- 
erable business  enables  us  to  get  wholesale  and  deal- 
ers' prices  for  goods  which  we  purchase  in  Manila 
and  outside,  with  a  great  saving  to  the  Mission;  and 
the  benefit  of  these  lower  prices  is  transmitted  di- 
rectly to  the  people  through  their  opportunity  to  pur- 
chase at  the  Exchange.  Not  only  is  money  kept  con- 
stantly in  circulation,  but  the  profit  which  we  make 
in  our  Exchange  and  associated  industries  goes  back 
again  into  the  development  of  our  institutions,  and 
again  works  for  the  benefit  of  the  Igorot." 

Christian  Homes  for  Government  Students 

Ten  thousand  students  attend  the  government 
schools  in  Manila  alone.  The  missionary  idea  was 
conceived  of  erecting  Christian  dormitories  in  which 
these  students  might  live  and  be  brought  under  Chris- 
tian influence  during  their  years  of  schooling.  A 
dormitory  was  opened  and  was  immediately  filled.  It 
originally  accommodated  only  eighty  students  and  it 
was  obliged  to  turn  away  more  than  six  hundred  ap- 
plicants in  one  year.  As  a  result  of  the  enlargement 
of  such  work,  a  strong  church  has  been  developed  with 
a  Sunday-school  of  nearly  one  thousand.  Dormitories 
established  in  connection  with  the  high  schools  in 
smaller  towns  have  also  been  successful. 


114  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

According  to  a  report  of  this  activity:  "The  op- 
portunity for  personal  work  upon  life  at  the  forma- 
tive stage  is  at  its  best,  where  the  missionary  has 
living  with  him  the  young  people  with  whom  he  is  to 
work.  The  personal  contact  daily,  the  opportunity 
to  help  with  school  studies,  the  sympathizing  with 
troubles,  and  the  guiding  through  problems  peculiar 
to  young  life,  all  afford  the  most  telling  hold  and  this 
is  the  key  to  the  value  of  the  dormitory  work.  For 
example,  in  the  Vigan  dormitory  for  young  men, 
seventy-five  per  cent,  of  those  coming  into  the  dormi- 
tory have  been  converted." 

Thus  through  multiform  activities,  through  schools, 
dormitories,  hospitals,  churches,  and  Sunday-schools, 
the  quality  of  Philippine  manhood  and  womanhood  is 
being  strengthened  so  that  it  may  properly  bear  the 
pressure  of  the  strenuous  modern  conditions  which 
the  twentieth  century  is  bringing  to  these  islands. 

The  kind  of  Christian  character  which  is  being 
developed  appears  in  the  story  of  two  graduates  of 
Silliman  Institute  who  were  sent  out  to  establish  Chris- 
tian schools  among  the  wild  tribes  of  Mindanao.  Al- 
though they  were  young  men  of  breeding  they  did  not 
shrink  from  the  prospect  of  living  far  away  from  civil- 
ization among  the  wild  men,  eating  their  food,  risking 
their  diseases,  and  facing  dangers.  One  of  the  boys 
was  taken  with  typhoid.  He  was  brought  down  from 
the  hills  and  carried  in  a  launch  to  the  nearest  hospital. 
The  long  journey  was  too  much  for  him  and  he  died. 
He  gave  up  his  life  for  the  pupils  in  his  school.    The 


REGENERATING  WITH  TOOLS  AND  BIBLES      115 

Other  boy  became  seriously  ill  with  malaria.  He  was 
brought  to  a  hospital  and  in  time  recovered.  Then 
he  was  asked  what  he  proposed  to  do  in  the  light  of 
his  own  bitter  experience  and  that  of  his  comrade. 
There  was  no  hesitation  in  his  mind  as  to  what  he 
purposed  doing,  and  he  is  back  to-day  among  the  hills 
continuing  his  work. 

Philippine  Greatness  Mast  Be  Built  on  Christianity 

Other  young  men  from  Silliman  Institute  have  since 
been  brought  into  the  work  of  this  district  on  the 
same  basis  of  fearlessness  and  sacrifice.  Speaking  of 
the  results  obtained  by  Christian  training,  Dr.  Sibley 
says: 

"  The  character  and  quality  of  the  boys  from  Silli- 
man cannot  be  too  highly  praised.  They  are  some  of 
the  most  daring  self-sacrificing  chaps  I  have  ever 
known.  It  was  no  easy  thing  for  these  boys  to  come 
down  from  a  home  in  the  north.  They  came  not  for 
wages  but  because  they  learned  at  Silliman  of  the  gos- 
pel and  their  desire  was  to  make  others  Christian. 
They  came  understanding  what  they  were  coming  for, 
with  the  willingness  to  make  the  sacrifice.  I  cannot 
say  enough  concerning  the  character  of  such  young 
men." 

That  is  the  sort  of  character  that  will  make  the 
Philippines  great. 

An  Ilocana,  who  was  converted  in  Manila,  gave  up 
a  good  position  to  go  back  to  the  interior  and  preach 
among  his  own  people.     Several  of  his  children  died, 


ii6  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

his  wife  passed  away,  he  himself  was  often  in  danger, 
and  yet  he  stuck  to  his  post. 

Hundreds  of  stories  like  the  foregoing  might  be 
told.  They  all  bespeak  the  m.ettle  of  soul  which  Chris- 
tianity gives,  and  which  is  a  necessary  part  of  the 
genuine  greatness  of  any  nation. 

"  Your  government  has  done  wonders,"  says  the 
Hon.  Manuel  Quezon,  "  in  public  works,  public  health, 
a  reformed  judiciary,  and  great  political  changes,  but 
the  work  of  the  evangelical  missionaries  is  just  as  im- 
portant and  exceedingly  necessary.  We  must  have  the 
renewed  heart  life  and  deep  moral  basis  if  our  changed 
conditions  are  to  standf' 

And  the  final  note  is  this.  Not  only  is  the  ''  re- 
newed heart  life  "  and  the  "  deep  moral  basis  "  neces- 
sary for  the  sake  of  the  Philippines.  It  is  necessary 
for  the  sake  of  the  entire  East.  Bishop  William  F. 
Oldham  puts  it  strongly,  but  probably  none  too 
strongly,  when  he  says :  *'  The  crux  of  our  missionary 
activities  in  Asia  is  in  the  Philippine  Islands.  If  we 
fail  to  Christianize  the  Filipinos,  we  shall  fail  to  Chris- 
tianize Asia.  If  we  succeed  in  Christianizing  the  Fili- 
pinos, we  shall  succeed  in  all  Asia." 


Aguinaldo,  one-time  insurrecto,  stands  peaceably  beside  the 
American  Director  of  Education,  with  a  background  of  prize 
corn  grown  by  Aguinaldo's  son  under  guidance  of  American 
teachers. 


V 
PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW 


V 

PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW 

Up  farmers,  and  away  to  India!  If  you  have  any 
scientific  knowledge  of  agriculture,  you  are  needed 
there.  If  you  wish  to  do  genuine  Christian  missionary 
work,  this  is  your  opportunity.  For  the  truth  is  that 
the  progress  of  Christianity  in  India  will  depend  to  a 
very  large  extent  in  the  future  upon  the  progress  of 
agriculture. 

Time  was  when  the  Christian  movement  in  India 
centered  in  the  cities;  but  since  less  than  three  per 
cent,  of  the  people  live  in  cities  having  one  hundred 
thousand  or  more  inhabitants,  the  missionaries  long 
ago  found  that  their  greatest  task  was  among  a  rural 
population.  During  recent  years  the  so-called  mass 
movement  has  brought  to  Christianity  many  thousands 
of  these  village  folk.  For  five  years  they  have  been 
received  at  the  rate  of  ten  thousand  a  month,  and  yet 
there  are  at  the  present  moment  on  the  waiting  list  of 
one  American  mission  more  than  one  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  applicants  who  cannot  be  admitted  to 
the  church  because  it  is  impossible  to  secure  enough 
preachers  and  teachers  to  educate  them,  and  the  peo- 
ple themselves  are  much  too  poor  to  pay  for  this  edu- 
cation. 

119 


K 


ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 


Millions  in  India  ^Are  Always  Hungry 

This  mass  movement  is  taking  place  for  the  most 
part  among  the  outcastes,  those  fifty  million  "  un- 
touchables "  who  form  a  sixth  of  the  total  population 
and  who  are  lower  in  the  social  scale  than  even  the 
despised  lowest  caste.  Theirs  is  the  keenest  suffering 
from  the  general  poverty  existing  among  the  agricul- 
tural population,  for  their  lot  is  to  perform  the  most 
menial  tasks  of  the  villages.  When  there  is  under- 
nourishment and  even  starvation  to  such  a  great  ex- 
tent among  the  cultivators  and  tenant  farmers,  desolate 
indeed  is  the  state  of  those  who  are  only  scavengers. 
Sir  C.  A.  Elliot  says  that  half  the  agricultural  popu- 
lation of  India  "  never  know  from  year's  end  to  year's 
end  what  it  is  to  have  their  hunger  fully  satisfied." 
Another  authority  states  that  there  are  forty  million 
continually  hungry  people  in  British  India.  The  ener- 
getic measures  of  an  enlightened  government  have  ap- 
parently been  successful  in  making  impossible  another 
general  famine  such  as  India  has  suffered  in  the  past, 
but  even  now  local  famine  conditions  are  of  frequent 
occurrence  in  certain  areas.  If  you  were  to  add  up 
the  value  of  all  the  possessions  of  an  ordinary  farmer, 
including  his  household  furniture,  his  implements,  and 
tools,  and  the  clothes  on  his  back, — all  the  movable 
goods  that  he  has  in  the  world, — the  total  amount 
would  not  come  to  more  than  five  dollars.  Add  to  this 
the  fact  that  seventy-two  per  cent,  of  the  population 
of  India  are  dependent  upon  agriculture,  and  you  get 


PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW  121 

some  conception  of  the  widespread  poverty  of  India's 
masses. 

Now  what  do  these  grim  facts  of  poverty  have  to  do 
with  Christianity?  Just  this;  a  self-supporting  and 
self-respecting  Christian  church  is  impossible  among 
people  who  never  know  what  it  is  to  have  their  hunger 
satisfied,  and  who,  on  their  total  cash  income  of  less 
than  ten  dollars  a  year,  are  naturally  unable  to  sup- 
port a  church  or  religious  or  educational  organization 
of  any  kind.  Such  organizations  cannot  perpetually 
be  maintained  by  money  from  across  the  seas ;  in  fact, 
in  most  cases  the  money  cannot  even  be  obtained  to 
establish  them.  If  Christianity  is  to  take  root  in 
India  and  become  indigenous,  it  must  be  maintained 
from  within  the  country. 

How  is  the  Indian  farmer  to  secure  the  means  with 
which  to  maintain  a  church,  a  school,  a  hospital,  and 
whatever  else  he  needs  in  order  to  live  a  rounded,  in- 
telligent Christian  life?  There  is  only  one  way  he 
can  do  it,  and  that  is  by  increasing  his  own  earning 
power.  This  means  to  increase  his  agricultural  pro- 
duction. 

There  is  no  abiding  reason  why  the  farmer  of  India 
should  be  destitute.     The  growing  season  is  nearly  |-af" 
twelve  months  long.    There  is  scarcely  a  time  of  year  ^    V 
when  some  crop  may  not  be  raised.    The  true  reason  ^i^%:-i 
for  India's  agricultural  inferiority  is  the  use  of  archaic 
agricultural  methods. 

Out  of  these  matters  arises  the  vital  need  for 
farmer  missionaries  who  will  go  to  India  in  the  name 


122  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

of  Christianity  and  Christian  progress  and,  by  show- 
ing the  farmer  how  to  make  the  best  use  of  his  natural 
skill  and  industry,  and  of  the  country's  natural  re- 
sources will  put  him  on  an  independent  footing  so 
that  it  may  be  made  possible  for  him  to  live  a  clean, 
intelligent,  and  worthy  Christian  life. 

Considering  this  undertaking  as  missionary  en- 
deavor, we  must  concede  that  the  British  government 
of  India  is  doing  some  very  efficient  missionary  work. 
The  Agricultural  Department  is  promoting  new  meth- 
ods; the  Research  Institute  is  studying  India's  peculiar 
farming  problems;  experimental  farms  are  maintained 
in  British  India  and  in  many  native  states. 

Where  Farmers  Pay  Seventy-five  Per  Cent.  Interest 

An  important  feature  of  the  constructive  work  of 
the  government,  the  missionaries,  and  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  is  the  establishment  and 
growth  of  cooperative  societies  as  a  means  of  relieving 
the  almost  perpetual  indebtedness  of  the  average  In- 
dian farmer.  Untrained  in  habits  of  thrift  and  lack- 
ing capital  for  the  most  fundamental  agricultural  un- 
dertakings, this  farmer  was  formerly  obliged  to  bor- 
row of  the  money-lenders,  who  charged  usurious  rates 
of  interest,  often  as  high  as  fifty  or  seventy-five  per 
cent.,  and  refused  to  accept  part  payments  on  the  prin- 
cipal. Rev.  R.  I.  Faucett,  of  the  Moradabad  District, 
tells  of  one  man  who  had  paid  one  hundred  and  sixty 
rupees  interest  on  a  loan  of  eighteen  rupees  and  still 
owed  the  eighteen  rupees! 


PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW  123 

About  all  the  inheritance  many  an  Indian  native 
receives  is  the  privilege  of  paying  an  exorbitant  rate 
of  interest  on  his  father's  debts  with  never  a  hope  of 
clearing  off  the  principal. 

Cooperative  credit  societies,  modeled  on  similar  in- 
stitutions in  other  countries,  were  the  cure  decided 
Aipon  by  officials  and  economists  in  India.  The  or- 
ganization of  these  cooperative  societies  is  simple. 
Ten  or  more  persons  are  banded  together  "  for  the  en- 
couragement of  thrift  and  self-help  among  the  mem- 
bers." The  pooling  of  capital,  even  though  individual 
contributions  may  be  small,  makes  the  society  effec- 
tive; careful  scrutiny  of  the  expenditures  of  members 
and  close  supervision  insures  safe  credit.  The  farmer 
is  thus  borrowing  of  an  organization  of  which  he  is  a 
member,  and  that  which  benefits  all  is  to  his  interest 
also.  It  is  to  his  advantage  to  keep  the  interest  on 
loans  at  a  low  rate.  To  do  this  he  must  discharge  his 
obligation  to  the  society  faithfully,  pay  his  interest 
promptly,  and  repay  the  principal  by  regular  instal- 
ments. If  he  wishes  to  raise  a  loan  he  will  have  to 
prove  that  the  money  which  he  asks  for  will  be  well 
laid  out  in  the  employment  for  which  he  intends  it. 
**  Under  the  teaching  of  cooperative  banks  people  be- 
come by  degrees,  without  any  effort  on  their  own  part, 
men  of  business  habits  with  a  business  mind,  and 
power  of  calculation,  forethought,  and  businesslike  re- 
flection." Thus  these  societies  give  to  the  poor  man 
an  opportunity  to  become  free  from  indebtedness,  to 
be  a  unit  in  a  self-governing  body,  and  to  adopt  pro- 


124  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

gressive  methods  that  will  transform  India's  agricul- 
tural conditions.  It  is  little  wonder  that  the  Young 
Men's  Christian  Association  considers  that  "  the  co- 
operative credit  society  is  the  foundation-stone  of  the 
Association's  rural  work." 

Irrigation  Makes  ^Another  Desert  Bloom 

The  government  has  also  made  productive  immense 
tracts  of  land  by  the  creation  of  a  system  of  canals. 
In  northwestern  India  millions  of  acres  of  waste  land 
have  been  converted  into  a  world  granary  in  this  way. 
**  To  take  one  of  the  most  striking  instances,"  quot- 
ing from  the  Census  Report  of  India,  191 1,  "as  re- 
cently as  189 1  the  Lyallpur  district  in  the  Punjab  was 
a  barren  desert  with  only  s^yen  inhabitants  to  the 
square  mile,  but  when  the  canals  were  opened  in  the 
following  year,  cultivators  flocked  in  at  once  from  far 
and  near  and  by  1901  the  district  already  had  a  popu- 
lation of  one  hundred  and  eighty-seven  to  the  square 
mile.  This  has  now  risen  to  two  hundred  and 
seventy-two  and  it  is  still  growing  rapidly." 

But  the  government  of  India,  although  it  has  un- 
dertaken these  and  other  measures,  cannot  possibly 
handle  the  whole  task  of  regenerating  the  agricultural 
population  of  the  country.  If  the  task  is  ever  to  be 
accomplished  it  will  only  be  by  the  thorough  coopera- 
tion of  private  agencies  and  organizations  of  every 
sort. 

It  is  peculiarly  fitting  that  in  a  work  upon  which 
Christianity  depends  for  its  fullest  progress,  Christian 


PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW  125 

forces  should  be  strong  and  active.  Let  us  observe 
here  a  few  of  the  pieces  of  work  that  Christian  agen- 
cies are  carrying  on  at  present. 

Missionaries  in  Feathers 

The  growing  of  chickens  may  seem  a  peculiar  way 
to  begin  the  propagation  of  Christian  truth.  And  yet 
that  is  a  method  which  is  being  followed  in  and  around 
Etah,  a  mass  movement  area  occupied  by  the  Ameri- 
can Presbyterians.  Here  Mr.  Arthur  H.  Slater,  mis- 
sionary and  poultry  expert,  has  undertaken  to  promote 
the  chicken  industry  as  a  means  of  self-support  among 
the  thousands  of  Christians  who  inhabit  the  fifty  vil- 
lages in  the  vicinity  of  Etah.  He  states  his  own  broad 
problem  as  follows : 

"  We  must  face  the  question  how  to  enfranchise 
and  yet  not  pauperize  the  *  submerged  tenth '  now 
flowing  in  such  tremendous  numbers  into  Christianity. 
IWe  must  study  how  to  enable  them  to  increase  their 
wage-earning  capacity,  how  to  help  them  build  up  a 
self-supporting  and  self-propagating  church,  in  many 
cases  how  to  provide  for  themselves  the  bare  necessi- 
ties of  life,  that  they  may  not  be  forced  to  eat  the 
remains  of  idolatrous  feasts.  We  are  facing  in  India 
one  of  the  world's  greatest  sociological  problems. 
Avoid  it  we  cannot.     Reject  it  we  dare  not." 

The  indigenous  varieties  of  fowls  are  of  very  poor 
quality  and  the  eggs  they  produce  are  small  and  infe- 
rior. On  the  other  hand,  imported  breeds  from  the 
United  States,  Europe,  Australia,  and  China  cannot 


126  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

always  be  trusted  to  stand  the  peculiar  climate  of 
India.  The  solution  arrived  at  by  Mr.  Slater  was  to 
cross  the  imported,  thoroughbred  variety  with  indige- 
nous varieties  and  thus  gradually  to  grade  up  the  in- 
digenous stock  with  fresh  supplies  of  full-blooded 
cocks.  A  Bible  class  in  Coatesville,  Pennsylvania, 
periodically  sends  him  a  crate  of  "  missionaii-es  in 
feathers  "  to  renew  his  stock  of  thoroughbreds.  Eggs 
produced  by  the  better  fowls  are  distributed  in  the  vil- 
lages for  hatching,  and  thus  flocks  of  excellent  chick- 
ens are  beginning  to  be  seen  in  all  the  villages  round 
about  Etah.  The  enterprise  has  the  promise  of  bring- 
ing thousands  of  people  to  independence  through  the 
sale  of  eggs  bigger  and  finer  than  the  district  has  ever 
seen  before.  The  eggs  are  brought  to  Etah  and 
from  there  shipped  to  Delhi,  Agra,  Lucknow,  and 
Cawnpore,  where  they  are  sold  for  a  good  price.  The 
demand  in  the  cities  for  these  superlative  eggs  is  tre- 
mendous and  the  Etah  district  cannot  begin  to  supply 
all  that  are  needed. 

Fowls  are  now  exhibited  at  Slater's  annual  poultry 
show  weighing  more  than  twice  as  much  as  the 
scrawny,  rubberoid  Eastern  type.  In  two  years'  tim.e 
the  price  received  by  the  people  for  their  eggs  has 
doubled.  That  is  not  surprising,  for  the  size  of  the 
eggs  themselves  has  doubled.  For  the  very  best  eggs 
the  villagers  are  receiving  eight  times  the  amount  they 
used  to  receive  for  the  eggs  of  the  now  out-of-date 
Indian  hen.  The  people  are  beginning  to  pass  on  eggs 
and  stock  to  their  neighbors.    One  Christian,  who  cap- 


PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW  12:7 

tured  a  valuable  silver  cup  at  the  poultry  show,  has 
shown  his  appreciation  by  opening  up  work  in  four 
different  villages  by  giving  the  people  eggs.  An 
itinerating  elder,  cooperating  with  Mr.  Slater,  has 
commenced  a  flourishing  work  in  twenty-one  new  vil- 
lages by  the  simple  expedient  of  distributing  properly- 
bred  eggs  for  hatching.  A  nominal  charge  of  eight 
cents  a  dozen  is  now  made  for  all  eggs  supplied,  as 
Mr.  Slater  has  found  that  the  people  seem  to  value 
them  more  when  they  pay  for  them. 

The  spiritual  result  of  this  application  of  Western 
science  to  the  production  of  eggs  is  that  Christianity 
is  being  supported  and  propagated  in  this  district  as 
never  before,  and  villages  are  beginning  to  maintain 
native  workers  and  institutions  in  a  way  that  they 
would  never  have  dreamed  possible  in  the  old  days 
before  the  poultry  expert  set  up  his  sanctified  business 
in  Etah. 

Crime  Both  a  Business  and  a  Religion 

Now  look,  if  you  will,  at  the  work  the  agricultural 
missionaries  are  doing  for  the  criminal  tribes.  There 
are  in  India  certain  tribes  of  professional  criminals 
who  might  almost  be  said  to  constitute  a  separate  caste. 
Just  as  there  is  a  caste  of  potters  and  a  caste  of  weav- 
ers, so  also  there  is  a  caste  of  criminals.  Their  an- 
cestors were  criminals  before  them,  and  they  regard 
crime  not  only  as  a  legitimate  business,  but  even  as  a 
part  of  their  religion.  Before  they  attempt  a  crime 
they  will  meet  in  prayer,  invoking  the  blessing  of  the 


128  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

gods  upon  their  enterprise.  In  organizing  their 
depredations  they  divide  the  territory  among  them, 
planning  a  definite  route  for  each  gang.  The  route 
may  be  four  hundred  or  five  hundred  miles  in  length, 
and  each  year  it  will  be  changed  a  little.  A  gang  will 
be  made  up  of  ten  or  twenty  men  with  their  wives  and 
children.  The  crimes  are  carefully  planned.  Groups 
from  the  gangs  mingle  with  the  villagers,  pretending 
to  sell  baskets,  brushes,  or  trinkets,  the  women  often 
posing  as  fortune-tellers.  They  take  note  of  the  places 
best  worth  attacking.  After  the  indispensable  religious 
ceremony,  they  strip,  oil  their  bodies  so  that  they  can- 
not be  easily  caught,  and  then  make  their  raid.  They 
leave  a  whipped  and  maimed  village,  although  they  do 
not  kill  except  when  absolutely  necessary  to  their  pur- 
pose. One  division  of  the  caste  is  known  as  Cuttaree 
Banoru,  "  scissors  men,"  because  they  are  wont  to  cut 
off  ears  with  scissors  in  order  to  get  the  jewels.  After 
the  robbery  is  completed,  the  booty  is  divided  accord- 
ing to  a  fixed  system,  and  the  gang  moves  to  the  next 
center  of  operations.  At  least  once  a  year  the  gangs 
reassemble  in  their  native  community  and  campaign 
plans  are  made  for  the  following  year. 

Naturally  such  organized  and  systematized  plunder 
has  been  a  source  of  increasing  vexation  to  the  gov- 
ernment. The  iron  hand  has  been  tried,  but  the  crim- 
inals are  too  oily  and  slip  out  from  under  it.  The 
greater  the  severity  of  the  government,  the  more  zest 
and  enthusiasm  the  criminal  tribes  seem  to  throw  into 
their  business.     At  last  the  government  decided  that 


PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW  129 

stern  measures  were  having  no  effect  and  they  turned 
in  desperation  to  the  missionaries.  Force  had  failed. 
,Would  the  gospel  of  love  and  regeneration  obtain  any 
better  results? 

Crhne  Reduced  Seventy-five  Per  Cent,  by  Missionaries 

Instead  of  sending  malefactors  from  these  tribes 
to  jail,  as  has  been  the  custom,  they  were  turned  over 
to  the  missionaries.    They  were  organized  into  settle- 
ments, and  dependence  was  placed  upon  agriculture  to 
take  the  place  of  thieving  as  a  means  of  existence.         y 
Seveii,_thousand  members  of  the  criminal  tribesjhave  (^y^/u. 
been  handed  over  to  the  Salvation  Army  to  train  into    //    j 
useful  citizens,  and  more  will  be  provided  as  fast  as  / 

the  Army  can  take  care  of  them.  Their  chief  now  is 
not  a  proud  and  powerful  government  official  but  a 
humble,  bare-footed,  turban-headed  white  man,  by 
name  Commissioner  Booth  Tucker. 

There  is  another  large  settlement  of  criminals  at 
Kavali  which  is  under  Baptist  direction,  and  two  at 
Sholapur  and  Barsi  in  charge  of  the  Congregational- 
ists. 

Results?  The  Kavali  mission  may  be  taken  as 
typical  of  the  others.  At  the  end  of  the  first  year  of 
work  crime  had  decreased  seventy-five  per  cent,  in  the 
regions  round  about  the  Kavali  settlement.  In  a  cer- 
tain large  town  where  there  were  formerly  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  habitual  robbers,  crime  had  practically 
disappeared.  ''  The  deputy  magistrate  of  the  district 
at  the  end  of  the  first  year  found  his  cases  for  trial 


130  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

reduced  from  two  hundred  to  sixty.  No  one  case  was 
reported  of  a  criminal  leaving  the  mission  to  return  to 
the  old  life." 

The  members  of  the  settlement  police  themselvj^s. 
Twelve  special  constables  have  been  chosen  from 
among  the  former  criminals,  and  what  little  corrective 
force  they  have  to  apply  is  applied  efficiently.  All  the 
children  of  school  age  are  studying  in  the  schools  and 
working  on  the  farms,  learning  to  become  independent 
and  intelligent  citizens  of  a  new  India. 

Ifs  a  Good  Sign  When  Women  Comb  Their  Hair 

The  managers  report  that  another  sign  of  improve- 
ment is  that  *'  more  women  comb  their  hair  and  nearly 
all  change  their  clothes  once  a  week.  Three  years 
ago  perhaps  a  dozen  out  of  two  hundred  combed  their 
hair.  The  other  day  at  a  church  service  more  than 
eighty  out  of  a  hundred  and  forty-five  had  their  hair 
combed."  Cottage  prayer-meetings  are  being  held  in 
the  huts  and  Christian  community  houses,  and  scores 
of  men,  women,  and  children  are  confessing  Christ 
and  being  baptized.  Christian  love  and  Christian 
agriculture  are  lifting  these  people  to  a  plane  of  exist- 
ence deemed  unattainable  for  them  in  the  past  when 
jailing  and  suppression  had  failed  to  preserve  order 
among  them. 

Here  and  there  missionaries  are  increasingly  taking 
up  scientific  agriculture  as  a  means  of  delivering  their 
people  out  of  the  slavery  of  poverty.  At  Sangli,  in 
.Western  India,  the  Presbyterians  started  an  agricul- 


PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW  131 

tural  department  in  connection  with  their  SangU  In- 
dustrial School.  Since  cultivating  the  soil  is  regarded 
as  a  menial  task  in  India,  at  first  they  could  persuade 
only  two  boys  to  take  up  field  work  in  the  new  depart- 
ment. One  of  the  boys  had  failed  in  every  other  trade 
he  had  attempted,  and  the  other  boy  was  not  in  good 
health  and  was  willing  to  try  the  new  work  for  the 
sake  of  being  out  of  doors.  These  boys,  although  they 
entered  unwillingly,  soon  became  enthusiastic  stu- 
dents; many  other  lads  joined  the  department,  and 
now  the  work  is  firmly  established  and  prospering. 

Tilling  the  Hearts  of  Men  with  Western  Plows 

The  manufacture  of  plows  may  not  appear  to  the 
casual-minded  critic  to  be  missionary  work,  but  the 
Rev.  W.  H.  Hollister,  of  Kolar,  India,  believes  that 
it  is.  *'  Once  used,  always  used,"  is  true  of  Hollister's 
plow.  When  a  man  buys  one  he  comes  again,  and  his 
neighbors  soon  come  to  buy.  One  customer,  after  try- 
ing his  new  plow,  was  so  enthusiastic  that  he  came 
back  and  bought  thirteen. 

In  these  schools  and  on  these  farms  where  Indian 
cultivators  are  learning  how  to  make  two  blades  of 
grass  grow  where  one  grew  before,  the  talk  is  of  more 
than  tools,  seeds,  and  harvests.  Thus  the  mission- 
ary's plows  are  not  merely  tiJHng_the_s.oil,  they  are 
tilling  the  hearts  of  men.  They  are  stirring  up  the 
rich  soil  of  Christian  character  which  has  so  long 
been  hard-baked  and  sterile  under  the  burning  sun  of 
poverty. 


132  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

In  connection  with  the  remarkable  Basel  Industrial 
Mission  in  South  India,  expert  training  is  given  in 
the  growing  of  rice,  vegetables,  and  fruit.  The  gov- 
ernment took  a  Congregational  missionary,  J.  B. 
Knight,  a  graduate  of  Massachusetts  Agricultural  Col- 
lege, and  made  him  Professor  of  Agriculture  in  a  new 
agricultural  college  at  Poona.  Here  his  astounding 
crops,  scientifically  produced,  have  been  visited  by 
thousands  of  native  farmers  at  government  expense, 
and  the  story  of  their  yield  is  a  tale  of  wonder  that  is 
passed  along  from  hamlet  to  hamlet  over  the  arid 
plains  of  western  India. 

There  are  many  other  agricultural  missionary  enter- 
prises of  a  similar  character  that  might  be  mentioned. 
Among  them  all,  however,  perhaps  the  most  outstand- 
ing piece  of  work  is  that  of  Mr.  Sam  Higginbottom  at 
Allahabad,  in  the  United  Provinces.  Mr.  Higginbot- 
tom spent  his  boyhood  on  his  father's  dairy  farm  in 
Wales.  Then  he  came  to  America  and  studied  at 
Mount  Hermon,  Amherst,  and  Princeton.  He  in- 
tended to  go  to  a  theological  seminary  but  he  was  in- 
duced to  go  at  once  to  India  to  join  the  staff  of  what 
was  then  Allahabad  Christian  College,  now  called 
Ewing  Christian  College  in  honor  of  its  first  principal, 
Dr.  Arthur  H.  Ewing. 

A  Leper  Asylum  as  an  Avocation 

Mr.  Higginbottom's  first  task  there  was  repugnant 
to  him  in  the  extreme.  He  was  assigned  the  care  of 
the  Leper  Asylum.    When  Dr.  Ewing  first  took  him 


^'-J 


JC^i^^.m 


Sam  Higginbottom  teaches  India  to  save  forty-two  and  a  half 
miles  in  plowing  a  single  acre.  His  work  affects  more  thaa 
200,000,000  farmers. 


PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW  133 

out  to  the  mud  huts  in  which  lay  poor  wretches  in  all 
stages  of  the  loathsome  disease,  Mr.  Higginbottom 
decided  that  he  could  not  and  would  not  have  anything 
to  do  with  this  work. 

As  they  were  going  away,  he  noticed  lying  on  the 
ground  under  a  tree  a  leper  within  a  few  days  of 
death.  His  feet  and  hands  had  partly  rotted  away. 
He  had  not  even  the  strength  to  drive  away  the  flies 
that  covered  his  festering  body.  Of  this  incident 
Higginbottom  says: 

"  As  I  looked,  I  suddenly  remembered  that  this 
man  was  my  brother — that  inside  that  repulsive  body 
was  a  spirit  that  would  live  forever,  a  soul  for  whom 
my  Master  died.  Who  was  I  that  I  should  refuse  him 
help  ?  When  I  went  back  I  agreed  to  accept  the  over- 
sight of  the  Leper  Asylum." 

The  result  is  that  a  splendid  institution  for  lepers, 
modernly  equipped,  has  now  risen  on  the  banks  of  the 
Jumna.  Mr.  Higginbottom  has  directed  and  promoted 
it,  but  his  chief  work  is  no  longer  the  Leper  Asylum. 

"  This  Leper  Asylum  is  my  avocation,"  he  says.  '*  I 
suppose  if  I  were  at  home  I  should  play  golf.  In  In- 
dia I  play  leper.  When  I  am  tired  and  need  recrea- 
tion^ I  go  out  to  the  Leper  Asylum.  It  is  the  happiest 
place  I  know.     I  always  come  back  rested." 

Also  soon  after  his  arrival  he  was  pressed  into  the 
teaching  of  economics.  He  knew  very  little  about 
economics.  But  he  at  once  showed  his  practical  bent 
in  bringing  his  subject  down  from  the  realm  of  text- 
books to  the  realm  of  every-day  affairs.    He  took  his 


134  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

students  out  to  railway  workshops,  brick-kilns,  jails, 
and  villages,  in  order  to  illustrate  the  statements  of  the 
text-books  with  practical  economic  illustrations. 

It  did  not  take  many  journeys  into  practical  eco- 
nomics to  convince  him  that  the  great  economic  prob- 
lem of  India  is  inferior  agricultural  production.  He 
saw  further  than  that;  he  realized  that  the  problem 
was  not  only  economic  but  social,  moral,  and  spiritual. 

Introducing  Twentieth  Century  Agriculture 

Convinced  of  the  need,  he  went  to  men  prominent  in 
education  and  in  the  government  and  said: 

"  If  government  and  missions  are  justified  in  any 
kind  of  education,  are  they  not  justified  in  that  kind 
of  education  which  most  directly  concerns  the  great 
majority  of  the  people  of  India?  Should  we  not  teach 
these  people  how  to  get  more  out  of  their  soil  ? " 

He  was  met  everywhere  by  the  objection  that  al- 
though theoretically  it  was  a  very  good  thing  to  do, 
practically  it  was  too  difficult  and  expensive  a  task. 
But  "  cold  water  "  only  seemed  to  invigorate  Higgin- 
bottom.  He  persuaded  his  mission  to  send  him  home 
to  study  agriculture,  recruit  assistants,  and  raise  funds 
to  start  agricultural  work.  He  took  his  degree  in 
agriculture  at  Ohio  State  University,  specializing  in 
animal  husbandry.  Then  he  obtained  two  men  and 
twenty-five  thousand  dollars  and  went  back  to  India 
where,  in  the  meantime,  Dr.  Ewing  had  secured,  with 
the  help  of  the  government,  a  farm  of  two  hundred 
and  seventy-five  acres. 


PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW  135 

When  work  on  the  farm  had  been  started,  some 
Christian  boys  came  to  him  and  said: 

"  Sir,  we  would  Hke  to  study  agriculture.'* 

"  I  am  very  sorry,"  repHed  Higginbottom,  "  but  we 
have  no  dormitories,  no  laboratories,  and  we  cannot 
take  you  in." 

*'  But  you  have  this  good  Ameican  machinery,"  they 
said,  ''  and  we  have  heard  that  in  America  boys  work 
their  way  through  college.  Could  we  not  do  that 
here?" 

There  was  no  way  of  driving  out  boys  of  that  spirit. 
So  they  were  allowed  to  establish  themselves  under  one 
tree  as  a  kitchen  and  dining-room,  and  to  use  the 
ground  under  another  as  a  bedroom.  In  the  rainy 
weather  they  slept  in  the  cattle  shed  with  the  oxen. 

The  Prince  and  the  Pauper  Plow  Side  by  Side 

That  was  the  beginning.  Now  a  great  agricultural 
school  has  been  developed.  It  is  remarkable  that  in 
this  school  and  on  the  farm  in  connection  with  it  boys 
of  the  low'est  caste  and  boys  of  the  highest  caste  work 
side  by  side.  To  see  a  poor  Christian  convert  from 
the  sweeper  outcastes  plowing  in  a  field  along  with  a 
wealthy  Brahman  of  the  highest  rank,  is  a  sight  that 
makes  old-time  India  rub  its  eyes  in  amazement. 
From  all  parts  of  India  young  men  go  there  to  train. 
Many  missionary  organizations,  both  British  and 
American,  who  reahze  the  value  of  developing  Chris- 
tian agricultural  experts  to  lead  the  people  of  India 
out  of  bondage,  have  sent  students. 


136  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

A  rich  Hindu  of  the  highest  caste,  himself  a  land- 
owner holding  ten  thousand  acres,  became  a  student 
and  bore  the  burdens  and  the  heat  with  the  best  of 
them  on  the  mission  farm.  Seven  or  eight  motor- 
cycles may  be  seen  any  day  standing  before  the  college 
waiting  for  their  owners  to  be  freed  from  their  classes 
and  go  for  their  daily  spin. 

A  very  wealthy  Indian  prince  came  as  a  student, 
bringing  with  him  a  retinue  of  servants  and  his  private 
secretary  to  take  notes  in  class.  He  was  somewhat  dis- 
mayed when  he  was  set  at  the  task  of  carrying  fodder 
to  the  silage  cutter.  Presently,  however,  he  got  into 
the  spirit  of  the  work,  began  to  write  his  own  notes  in 
the  classrooms,  and  no  labor  on  the  farm  was  too 
hard  for  him. 

Young  sirdars  or  nobles  come  from  other  native 
states,  take  the  course  in  agriculture,  and  then  go  back 
to  their  states  to  introduce  the  new  methods.  Besides 
a  knowledge  of  agriculture,  many  of  them  carry  back 
something  else,  something  obtained  in  Higginbottom's 
Bible  class.  In  most  cases  the  first  Bible  they  have 
ever  seen  is  the  one  put  into  their  hands  by  this  farmer 
missionary.  It  is  difficult  for  students  to  escape  from 
Mr.  Higginbottom  without  being  strongly  influenced 
in  a  spiritual  way,  and  many  of  these  lead  Christian 
lives  after  they  leave  Jumna  Farm. 

Mr.  Higginbottom  is  constantly  being  forced  to  re- 
fuse students  for  lack  of  accommodation.  And  yet 
the  government  schools  have  not  been  able  to  popu- 
larize this  kind  of  education.     The  reason  for  Hig- 


PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW  137 ' 

ginbottom's  success  lies  not  only  in  the  Christian  per- 
sonality of  the  man  but  in  the  sheer  wonder  of  the 
scientific  results  he  is  getting. 

He  has  introduced  American  weeders  which  save 
the  toil  of  nineteen  men.  His  modern  mowing- 
machine  will  cut  several  tons  of  grass  in  the  time  that 
it  would  take  a  native  using  the  old  method  to  cut 
enough  grass  to  feed  one  horse.  He  has  demon- 
strated that  threshing  by  machinery  costs  only  six 
cents  a  hundred  pounds,  while  threshing  in  the  old 
way  by  the  use  of  oxen  costs  fifty  cents  a  hundred 
pounds.  Laborers  are  cheap  in  India.  They  can  be 
had  for  eight  cents  a  day.  And  yet  Mr.  Higginbot- 
tom  has  proved  beyond  a  doubt  the  almost  incredible 
fact  that  by  the  use  of  machinery  it  is  possible  to  har- 
vest at  one  third  the  cost  of  Indian  labor.  The  English 
plow  which  he  uses  goes  eight  inches  deep  and  tills 
the  soil  at  one  twentieth  the  cost  of  digging  it  with 
the  native  implements.  He  has  taught  the  farmer  how 
to  save  forty-two  and  a  half  miles  in  plowing  a  single 
acre. 

An  amusing  incident  shows  the  influence  which 
Higginbottom's  work  has  upon  the  native  cultivators 
in  the  vicinity.  One  day  he  was  demonstrating  to  his 
students  how  deep  plowing  will  enable  the  soil  to  hoM 
moisture  for  a  long  time. 

"  We'll  investigate  the  depth  of  moisture  in  our 
field,"  he  said,  "  then  we'll  try  it  in  the  field  of  that 
native  farmer." 

The  students  made  their  test  and  found  a  consider- 


138  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

able  depth  of  moisture  in  the  mission  field.  Then 
they  went  to  the  field  of  the  native  farmer  and  made 
similar  tests.  What  was  the  astonishment  of  the  stu- 
dents and  of  Mr.  Higginbottom  himself  when  they 
found  that  the  depth  of  moisture  there  was  just  as 
great  as  in  the  mission  field! 

"How  did  you  bring  this  about?"  Higginbottom 
said  to  the  native  cultivator. 

The  farmer  dropped  down  on  his  knees. 

"  Oh,  forgive  me,  master !  I  watched  everything 
you  did,  and  on  Sunday,  when  you  were  not  using 
your  plows,  I  borrowed  them  from  your  foreman,  and 
everything  you  have  done,  I  did  too !  " 

Which  illustrates  the  fact  that  the  Indian  farmer  is 
not  so  unteachable  after  all!  He  lives  in  the  condi- 
tions of  the  Middle  Ages,  not  because  of  preference 
but  because  he  simply  does  not  know  the  way  out. 
He  has  waited  long  for  leaders.  American  Christen- 
dom may  well  be  grateful  that  it  is  able  to  provide 
some  of  the  guides  who  will  lead  India  up  out  of  the 
rut  of  tradition  and  place  her  on  the  highway  of  the 
twentieth  century. 

Mission  Crops  Fifteen  Feet  Higher  Than  Natives' 

The  land  in  Mr.  Higginbottom's  farm  when  he 
started  to  work  on  it  was  of  the  poorest  possible  qual- 
ity, the  sort  of  land  that  generally  falls  to  the  lot  of 
a  peasant  farmer. 

If  the  college  had  bought  fine  land,  people  would 
have  said :   "  Anybody  could  succeed  with  land  like 


PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW  I39 

that,  but  that  is  only  for  rajahs !  What  can  we  do?  " 
Higginbottom  has  shown  them  what  they  can  do  with 
even  the  poorest  soil.  Five  years  ago  this  land  was 
not  worth  twenty-five  cents  an  acre.  Now  it  is  worth 
in  the  neighborhood  of  ten  dollars  an  acre,  that  is, 
forty  times  as  much. 

The  farmers  in  the  neighborhood  say: 
"  Your  God  helps  you  and  your  soil  becomes  more 
fertile  than  ours — just  as  your  wife's  medicines  are 
stronger  than  ours,  strong  enough  to  defeat  the  evil 
spirits.'* 

But  whatever  they  believe  the  reason  to  be,  they  are 
eager  to  have  the  same  methods  applied  to  their  own 
soil.  While  they  obtain  six  or  eight  bushels  of  wheat 
an  acre,  they  see  the  Mission  Farm  raising  from 
twenty-five  to  thirty  bushels  of  wheat  an  acre.  Their 
crops  of  millet  grow  only  two  or  three  feet  high. 
Around  Higginbottom  Sahib's  bungalow  they  see  it 
towering  seventeen  feet  high.  Small  wonder  that 
they  want  his  man  to  come  and  cultivate  their  fields 
and  are  willing  to  pay  four  dollars  an  acre  for  this 
service.    Four  dollars  is  a  princely  sum  in  India. 

The  Modern  Joseph 

The  ox  is  the  Indian  farmer's  only  machine,  engine, 
and  source  of  power.  So  complete  is  the  economic 
dependence  of  three  quarters  of  the  people  of  India 
upon  the  ox  that  it  has  been  surrounded  by  all  the 
safeguards  of  religion  and  constituted  a  sacred  ani- 
mal.    When  famine  comes,  the  oxen  are  the  first  to 


I40  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

suffer.  They  die  by  tens  of  thousands  and  by  their 
death  leave  tens  of  thousands  of  farmers  helpless. 

Mr.  Higginbottom  thought  directly  into  this  prob- 
lem and  the  result  is  the  silo  which  is  not  a  structure 
above  the  ground  but  a  pit  in  the  ground.  The  Indian 
could  not  build  a  Western  silo,  but  any  farmer  in 
thirsty  India  knows  how  to  build  a  well.  Fodder  and 
grass  and  even  roadside  wxeds  are  packed  away  in 
these  silos,  and  when  the  time  of  drought  comes  there 
is  food  in  plenty  for  the  cattle.  This  system  is  spread- 
ing rapidly  throughout  the  country,  and  will  do  much 
to  allay  the  severity  of  famine.  Mr.  Higginbottom  is 
doing  for  India  what  Joseph  did  in  the  years  of  plenty 
in  Egypt  to  prepare  for  the  lean  years. 

Also  Mr.  Higginbottom's  influence  is  going  out  in 
the  teaching  of  animal  husbandry,  dairying,  and  hor- 
ticulture. For  example,  his  breed  of  sheep  grows  four 
times  as  much  wool  and  it  sells  for  twice  as  much  as 
the  wool  of  the  native  sheep.  His  graduates  go 
throughout  India  as  farmers  or  farm-demonstrators 
for  mission  and  government  service  or  as  managers 
on  large  estates.  Two  graduates  recently  went  out  on 
the  exceptional  salary,  for  that  country,  of  thirty- 
three  dollars  a  month  each. 

The  case  of  Harry  Dutt  represents  what  the  train- 
ing of  the  school  can  do.  While  finishing  his  course 
he  took  over  a  small  tract  of  five  acres  of  land.  In 
one  year  his  profit  from  that  tract  amounted  to  one 
hundred  and  sixty-one  dollars.  That  is  at  least  three 
times  what  the  average  Indian  cultivator  could  hope  to 


Archaic  agriculture  means  famine ;  modern  cultivators  and 
plows  mean  self-support.  Increased  agricultural  production 
means  the  end  of  India's  loss  by  famine  of  19,000,000  people  in 
ten  years. 


PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW  141 

earn,  even  though  skilled  in  the  old  methods.  It  should 
be  added  that  other  work  prevented  Harry  Dutt  from 
devoting  more  than  three  days  a  week  to  his  farm. 
He  believes  that  he  could  have  made  double  the  amount 
if  he  could  have  worked  six  days  a  week. 

Cooperating  with  Princes 

Princes  come  from  afar  to  visit  Jumna  Farm.  The 
Maharaja  of  the  native  Indian  State  of  GwaHor  has 
placed  Mr.  Higginbottom  in  charge  of  the  agricultural 
development  of  his  province,  and  has  set  aside  an  an- 
nual budget  of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  for  this 
purpose. 

Mr.  Higginbottom  and  his  associate,  Mr.  Don  W. 
Griffin,  now  spend  several  months  out  of  each  year 
in  that  state.  One  of  the  most  interesting  projects 
now  under  way  in  Gwalior  is  the  establishment  of  a 
model  village  in  each  of  the  districts  of  the  state,  and 
the  placing  of  a  student  from  the  Mission  Farm  in 
charge  of  each  of  these  villages.  If  Mr.  Higginbot- 
tom will  give  up  his  connection  with  Ewing  Christian 
College  and  devote  his  full  time  to  the  agricultural 
affairs  of  the  State  of  Gwalior,  the  Maharaja  will 
turn  over  to  him  a  fund  of  more  than  six  million 
dollars  with  which  to  carry  on  this  work.  Mr.  Hig- 
ginbottom, however,  does  not  believe  that  agriculture 
alone  can  save  India.  He  wants  to  work  where  he 
can  teach  about  Christ  and  about  Christian  social  ideals 
at  the  same  time  that  he  is  teaching  the  people  how  to 
improve  their  economic  condition. 


142  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

The  Maharaja  of  Bikaner  sent  Mr.  Higginbottom 
through  his  state  in  a  private  train  that  would  start 
and  stop  just  where  and  when  Sam  Higginbottom 
wanted  it  to.  The  Welsh  farmer  was  made  comfort- 
able in  an  elegantly-furnished  special  saloon-car  with 
kitchen  attached.  On  the  train  was  a  horse  box,  so 
that  the  company  could  leave  the  train  at  any  time  and 
drive  across  country.  Also,  right  behind  the  saloon 
was  a  truck  containing  a  large  French  motor-car  for 
use  on  the  splendid  motor  roads  which  the  Maharaja 
had  made  across  the  desert.  At  the  end  of  the  day's 
run,  Mr.  Higginbottom  and  his  attendants  would  find 
beautiful  tents  furnished  to  the  last  detail  ready  for 
them  as  they  stepped  off  the  train.  The  farmer  mis- 
sionary toured  the  state  in  Oriental  elegance.  Ordi- 
narily, however,  when  such  courtesies  are  not  forced 
upon  him,  he  prefers  to  travel  in  the  simplest  way  pos- 
sible, and  any  extra  travel  allowances,  or  salary,  or 
fees  of  any  kind  go  into  the  treasury  of  Ewing  Chris- 
tian College. 

The  Maharaja  of  Bikaner  is  willing  to  pay  two 
thousand  five  hundred  dollars  a  year  to  a  missionary 
trained  in  agriculture  who  will  come  and  take  up  the 
supervising  of  the  agricultural  work  in  the  state. 
The  Maharaja  of  Jodhpur  has  forty  thousand  square 
miles  to  cultivate,  and  wants  two  missionary  agricul- 
tural experts.  And  so  it  goes.  Besides  his  work  at 
the  college,  and  his  services  to  the  Maharajas  of 
Gwalior,  Bikaner,  and  Jodhpur,  Mr.  Higginbottom  is 
also   agricultural   adviser   to    the    State    of    Rutlam, 


PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW  143 

Kotah,  Jalawar,  Dhar,  Jaora,  and  Benares,  a  total 
area  larger  than  that  of  the  States  of  New  York  and 
Pennsylvania  combined. 

Hindu  Leaders  Seek  Farmer-Missionary's  'Aid 

The  Hindu  University  was  opened  at  Benares.  It 
was  designed  to  be  a  stronghold  for  Hinduism,  and 
to  be  a  place  in  which  the  traditional  faith  of  India 
might  be  fostered.  And  yet  Mr.  Higginbottom's 
work  was  recognized  as  meaning  so  much  to  India 
that  he  was  not  only  invited  to  give  a  lecture  at  the 
opening  of  the  university,  but  was  requested  to  make 
recommendations  for  the  development  of  an  agricul- 
tural department,  and  to  suggest  American  teachers 
jvho  might  be  put  in  charge. 

Distinguished  visitors  step  out  of  their  carriages 
or  automobiles  before  the  bungalow  at  Jumna  Farm. 
Mr.  Higginbottom  had  three  Indian  princes  to  tea  in 
one  week.  Officials  high  in  the  British  government 
are  frequent  callers.  The  truly  great  Commissioner 
Booth  Tucker,  who  gave  up  a  high  government  post 
to  enter  the  Salvation  Army,  comes  and  pads  around 
the  farm  in  his  bare  feet.  Now  and  then  the  well-to- 
do  American  tourist  hears  about  this  remarkable  farm 
and  comes  to  visit  it  for  curiosity's  sake.  Such  peo- 
ple Mr.  Higginbottom  takes  straight  to  Temptation 
Hill.  "  I  bring  rich  people  up  here,"  he  says,  "  to 
tempt  them.  I  point  out  over  there  where  I  want  a 
dormitory  and  there  a  chapel  and  there  a  science 
building." 


144  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

From  the  Top  Dowfij  Instead  of  from  the  Bottom  Up 
It  is  a  peculiar  turn  that  Mr.  Higginbottom's  work 
has  taken.  His  purpose  in  coming  to  India  was  to 
reach  the  lowest.  Now  it  seems  that  he  is  to  benefit 
the  lowest  by  training  the  highest.  Concerning  this 
he  says: 

*'  God  drove  me  into  this  leper  work,  into  this  agri- 
cultural work,  into  this  practical  contact  with  affairs 
when  all  my  own  inclinations  and  desires  are  some- 
where else.  I  love  to  preach,  yet  I  do  very  little  of  it 
out  here.  I  love  the  quiet  of  the  classroom  with  a 
few  eager  faces;  to  see  life  change  in  a  small  group 
or  in  the  individual  as  the  result  of  long-continued, 
patient  teaching,  fascinated  me.  Yet  I  am  taken  away 
from  this.  I  thought  the  way  out  for  the  low-caste 
convert  was  through  the  agricultural  settlements  of 
these  ignorant,  humble  folk.  I  prayed  that  their  boys 
might  come  to  us  to  be  trained.  But  what  do  we  find  ? 
Hardly  a  low-caste  boy  here.  Little  is  being  done  for 
them  because  they  refuse  at  present  to  be  helped. 
Instead  of  students  from  the  lowest  of  the  low  we 
have  the  highest  of  the  high.  Princes  of  royal  blood, 
eager,  keen,  teachable,  ready  for  any  task,  working 
as  coolies  and  farm  laborers,  see  the  vision  of  better 
days  for  their  own  states.  And  it  may  be  that  God  is 
going  to  help  the  low-caste  through  this  method  of 
reaching  the  native  prince  who  rules  over  him.  In- 
stead of  going  on  foot  or  on  a  bicycle  from  sweepers* 
quarters  to  sweepers'  quarters,  advising  those  who 
have  no  money,  I  find  myself  in  king's  palaces,  advis- 


PREACHERS  OF  THE  PLOW  145 

ing  men  who  have  large  resources  and  who  are  only 
waiting  to  see  how  they  can  be  wisely  guided  to  release 
these  resources.  I  personally  receive  offers  of  land 
and  money  to  locate  in  certain  states  that  would  make 
me  a  rich  man  were  I  to  accept  them.  I  find  myself, 
without  any  of  my  seeking,  a  guest  in  the  Viceregal 
Lodge  advising  the  members  of  the  Imperial  Council, 
who  tell  me  when  this  horrible  war  is  over  they  are 
determined  to  try  and  help  the  poor,  downtrodden, 
debt-cursed  slave  (in  fact  if  not  in  name)  of  the  soil  of 
India.  And  so  many  times  a  day  I  ask  God  to  keep  me 
humble,  to  show  me  his  will,  to  let  me  know  why  he 
has  opened  a  door  to  missionary  effort  that  has  never 
been  opened  before.  I  ask  him  to  let  me  know  what 
it  all  means.  I  especially  came  out  to  India  for  work 
among  the  low-caste  people  of  the  villages.  My  heart 
is  still  there,  waking  and  sleeping  they  have  my 
thought,  and  yet  it  is  among  the  high-caste,  the  princes, 
the  wealthy  of  this  land  that  I  live  my  life  and  do  my 
work." 

Every  target  may  be  reached  by  a  dozen  different 
arrows.  Every  result  may  be  obtained  by  a  number  of 
different  methods.  The  result  desired  in  the  case  of 
this  one  of  India's  many  great  problems  is  the  eman- 
cipation of  the  land-slave  so  that  he  may  live  a  clean, 
free,  wholesome  and,  if  he  pleases,  Christian  life, 
Higginbottom's  is  one  method  and  it  is  a  good  one. 
The  methods  of  the  other  workers  are  valuable.  But 
there  are  in  India  more  than  two  hundred  million  vic- 
tims of  medieval  agriculture.     A  poor  half  dozen  or 


146  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

SO  of  missionary  minds,  no  matter  how  brilliant,  can- 
not handle  a  proposition  like  this.  The  reservoir  of 
methods  within  the  genius  of  man  has  scarcely  been 
tapped.  Here  is  a  task  to  fire  the  imagination  of 
the  American  farmer  lad  who  wants  his  life-work  to 
be  something  big,  unique,  and  in  the  fullest  sense 
Christian.  No  doubt  all  the  agricultural  missionaries 
of  India  would  echo  this  daily  prayer  of  Sam  Higgin- 
bottom,  "  that  the  Lord  of  the  harvest  will  send  forth 
laborers  equipped  with  plows  and  harrows  and  mowers 
and  silos  and  good  cattle  to  this  great  needy  field  of 
India.'' 


VI 
THE  GOLDEN  WHIRLPOOL 


VI 

THE  GOLDEN  WHIRLPOOL 

There  is  a  whirlpool  in  Africa  which  swallows 
twenty  thousand  men  every  year.  Its  name  is  Johan- 
nesburg. 

Some  people  call  it  "  The  Golden  City,"  because  it 
is  the  center  of  the  gold  mining  industry.  Others  call 
it  "  The  University  of  Crime,"  because  of  the  de- 
bauching influence  it  exerts  upon  the  life  of  half  a 
continent. 

From  a  thousand  miles  north  and  a  thousand  miles 
south  there  come  every  year  half  a  million  natives 
from  the  simple,  barbaric  life  of  jungle  and  veld  into 
the  whirling  experiences  and  allurements  of  this  in- 
dustrial center  of  Africa.  The  diseases  and  vices 
which  belong  to  the  white  man's  "  civilization  "  are 
responsible  for  the  death,  annually,  of  twenty  thou- 
sand of  these  half  million  recruits.  Tens  of  thousands 
of  others  find  their  way  back  to  their  kraals  or  native 
villages,  broken  in  health  and  morals,  "civilized 
within  an  inch  of  hell,"  as  one  explorer  has  expressed 
it.  Every  man  who  returns  civilized  after  this  fash- 
ion spreads  physical  and  moral  corruption  among  his 
fellows.  The  result  is  that  whole  native  populations 
are  being  caught  in  the  back  eddies  of  the  whirlpool 
of  Johannesburg. 

149 


150  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

The  ''  Tout "  Is  the  Modern  Pied  Piper 

Life  in  the  primitive  kraal  is  a  simple  affair.  There 
are  few  needs  in  the  way  of  shelter  and  clothing,  work 
is  light,  food  is  plain,  and  sunset  means  sleep.  To  be 
sure,  there  are  many  and  terrible  evils.  But  the  evils 
of  heathenism  are  a  burden  quite  sufficient  without 
adding  to  them  the  evils  of  the  white  man. 

Into  one  of  these  sleepy  kraals  comes  a  "  tout "  or 
agent  from  the  City  of  Gold.  It  is  his  business  to 
round  up  laborers  for  the  mines.  There  are  many 
ways  of  doing  this. 

One  tout  was  in  the  habit  of  dressing  up  in  the 
most  elegant  style,  topping  with  a  silk  hat,  and  driving 
through  the  villages  in  a  splendid  carriage  behind  a 
team  of  four  fine  horses  to  impress  the  natives  with 
the  splendor  of  the  city  from  which  he  had  come. 
Another  made  it  a  point  to  get  the  chief  drunk  and 
then  by  his  authority  he  could  obtain  all  the  men  he 
wanted.  Highly  colored  stories  are  told  of  the  won- 
ders of  the  city.  Added  to  this  is  the  inducement 
that  every  man  who  consents  to  go  receives  a 
cash  advance,  varying  anywhere  from  twenty-five 
to  three  hundred  dollars.  The  native  is  only  too 
ready  to  go  into  debt  for  the  sake  of  having  money 
to  buy  an  extra  wife  or  a  few  more  cattle.  Once  in 
debt,  of  course  he  must  go  to  the  mines  and  work  off 
his  obligation.  Thus,  by  one  method  or  another,  five 
hundred  thousand  natives  every  year  are  brought  by 
trail,  road,  or  railroad  to  the  magic  city. 

The  black  man  immediately  exchanges  his  garb  of 


THE  GOLDEN  WHIRLPOOL  151 

a  Strip  of  hide,  or  a  few  wildcat  tails  for  cast-off 
European  clothes  and  thus,  almost  before  he  has  en- 
tered the  white  man's  city,  he  is  in  danger  of  contract- 
ing the  white  man's  diseases.  He  finds  himself  in  a 
city  of  clanging  electric  cars,  automobiles,  and  motor- 
cycles, wonderful  buildings  called  skyscrapers  where 
many  families  live  one  on  top  of  the  other,  picture- 
shows  where  you  go  into  a  room  and  look  at  a  white 
curtain  and  presently  the  lights  go  out  and  you  are 
whisked  away  in  a  dream  to  foreign  lands,  great  signs 
about  ''  Fifty-seven  varieties  "  and  "  Post  Toasties  " 
and  other  signs  that  blink  on  and  off  at  night — and 
what  is  that  glassy  place  at  the  street  corner?  A  sa- 
loon ?    We  must  investigate  that ! 

Mother  Earth's  Great  Jewel-Box 

Little  more  than  three  decades  ago  herds  of  antelope 
roamed  over  the  place  where  Johannesburg  now  stands. 
Then  one  day  a  farmer  thought  he  saw  a  glint  of  yel- 
low in  a  stone.  Now  a  city  has  risen  numbering  two 
hundred  and  thirty-seven  thousand  inhabitants,  and 
the  gold  reef  which  stretches  along  the  Rand  basin, 
forty  miles  east  and  forty  miles  west  of  Johannesburg, 
is  being  penetrated  for  gold  by  nearly  one  hundred 
different  mining  companies.  In  1916  the  production 
was  $192,200,000.  The  Rand  now  produces  forty- 
one  per  cent,  of  the  total  gold  output  of  the  world. 
More  than  fifteen  milHon  dollars'  worth  of  the  yellow 
metal  is  shipped  from  this  district  to  London  every 
month. 


152  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

A  gold-mine  is  a  very  unromantic  place.  One 
might  naturally  expect  that  in  a  gold-mine  he  would 
see  gold.  The  truth  is,  however,  that  the  only  thing 
that  is  not  seen  in  a  gold-mine  is  the  gold  itself. 
Everywhere,  on  the  surface  and  underground,  to  a 
depth  of  almost  a  mile,  one  may  see  nothing  but  gray 
rock  which  is  blasted  loose,  and  carried  up  to  the 
stamp-mill,  where  it  is  pounded  down  into  a  soft, 
gray  mud.  Then  it  passes  through  a  variety  of  chem- 
ical processes  to  extract  the  gold.  For  every  particle 
of  gold  recovered  there  are  one  hundred  thousand 
particles  of  waste. 

Off  to  the  northeast  of  Johannesburg  another  Boer 
farmer  believed  that  his  farm  also  contained  some- 
thing of  value.  To-day  where  his  stock  used  to  graze 
there  stands  a  diamond  city  and  next  to  it  is  an  im- 
mense pit,  nearly  half  a  mile  wide  and  three  hundred 
feet  deep.  There  are  no  underground  tunnels  i.ere  as 
in  the  gold-mines.  The  pit  is  open  to  the  light  ot  the 
sun  by  day  and  to  the  glare  of  the  search  lamps  on  the 
surrounding  cliffs  by  night. 

The  blue  clay  containing  the  precious  gems  is  dyna- 
mited loose  and  is  carried  away  to  be  ground,  filtered 
and  washed  until  only  one  per  cent,  of  the  original 
mass  remains.  But  that  is  the  precious  one  per  cent. ! 
Three  men  go  over  this  residue,  picking  out  the  dia- 
monds and  dropping  them  into  locked  iron  boxes. 

Think  of  having  wealth  constantly  passing  through 
your  hands  at  the  rate  of  several  hundred  dollars  a 
minute!    These  men  handle  every  year  seven  million 


THE  GOLDEN  WHIRLPOOL  153 

dollars'  worth  of  diamonds,  the  total  annual  output 
of  the  mine.  It  was  here,  by  the  way,  that  the  famous 
Cullinan  diamond  was  found,  which  was  presented  to 
King  Edward  by  the  Transvaal  government.  This 
stone  measures  four  by  two  and  one-half  by  one  and 
one-half  inches. 

The  native  does  not  find  the  life  in  the  mines  quite 
what  was  pictured  to  him  by  the  tout.  He  probably 
finds  that  the  tout  made  false  promises  to  him  as  to 
wages.  He  also  discovers  that  no  matter  how  pro- 
ficient he  may  become  he  is  not  allowed  to  rise  to 
positions  such  as  those  held  by  the  white  men,  because 
of  the  opposition  of  the  white  man's  labor  union.  If 
he  suffers  an  accident,  he  does  not  receive  adequate 
compensation.  These  mines,  although  British  owned, 
are  in  some  cases  operated  by  American  managers. 
It  is  a  matter  for  regret  that  there  does  not  seem  to 
be  here  anything  like  the  same  attention  to  welfare 
that  characterizes  the  American  mining  concerns  in 
South  America. 

^Johannesburg  Radiates  the  "  Great  White  Plague  *' 

The  greatest  physical  peril  of  all  which  the  native 
has  to  face  is  dust.  The  inhalation  of  rock  dust,  irri- 
tating and  cutting  the  lungs,  furnishes  the  shortest 
road  to  tuberculosis.  "  Scientific  counting  of  dust  par- 
ticles in  measured  volumes  of  air,"  says  the  Engineer- 
ing and  Mining  Journal,  speaking  of  the  Rand  Mines, 
"  shows  that  after  blasting,  the  dust  in  mine-air 
breathed  by  a  miner  in  a  minute  contains  2,450,000,000 


154  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

injurious  particles.  This  number  can  be  reduced  by- 
water  sprays  to  ten  million  per  minute."  An  investi- 
gation has  revealed  that  approximately  thirty-two  per 
cent,  of  the  miners  are  tubercular.  The  proportion 
rises  to  forty-eight  per  cent,  among  the  machine  drill- 
ers, who  are  most  exposed  to  rock  dust,  and  falls  to 
twenty-one  per  cent,  among  those  who  have  never 
done  rock  drilling. 

The  government  and  the  mine  owners  have  made  a 
number  of  attempts  to  meet  this  problem.  But  there 
is  some  hesitation  on  the  part  of  the  mining  companies 
because  they  do  not  wish  to  incur  the  expense  which 
adequate  preventive  measures  would  involve.  In 
the  meantime,  the  disease  of  civilization,  the  dread 
white  plague,  is  radiating  from  this  center  by  every 
train  and  trail  to  spread  rapidly  throughout  the  native 
population  of  the  southern  half  of  Africa. 

While  dust  predisposes  to  tuberculosis,  bad  living 
conditions  promote  and  spread  it.  In  connection  with 
most  mines  the  employees  live  in  a  so-called  *'  com- 
pound," a  collection  of  dormitories  on  the  mine  prop- 
erty. Four  years  ago  Surgeon  General  W.  C.  Gorgas, 
of  Panama  Canal  fame,  made  an  investigation  of  sani- 
tary conditions  on  the  Rand. 

"  The  most  serious  sanitary  defect  that  I  notice  in 
the  mines  on  the  Rand,"  reports  General  Gorgas,  "  is 
the  manner  of  housing  the  native.  The  quarters  are 
much  too  crowded.  He  has  in  general  200  cubic  feet 
of  air  space,  which  would  give  him  fourteen  feet  of 
floor  space.    The  general  objection  to  such  crowding  is 


THE  GOLDEN  WHIRLPOOL  155 

that  it  causes  the  respired  air  to  become  vitiated.  My 
great  objection  to  such  crowding  is  that  it  forces  the 
occupants  into  close  personal  contact,  and  therefore 
largely  increases  the  spread  of  any  infectious  disease. 
This  applies  particularly  to  pneumonia,  tuberculosis, 
and  cerebro-spinal  meningitis.  A  large  aggregation  of 
men  in  one  room  is  objectionable  in  itself.  It  is  evi- 
dent that  if  infection  is  introduced  into  a  room  con- 
taining a  hundred  men,  it  is  more  likely  to  affect  a 
larger  number  than  if  introduced  into  a  room  contain- 


Workers  Live  in  Windowless  Cells 

Another  report  on  living  conditions  has  been  made 
by  Dr.  A.  J.  Orenstein,  who  was  associated  with  Gen- 
eral Gorgas  on  the  Canal  Zone  and  later  became  Sani- 
tation Superintendent  of  the  Rand  Mines,  Limited. 
He  visited  some  of  the  quarters  occupied  by  natives 
in  Johannesburg. 

"  The  first  place  visited,"  he  says,  "  was  the  '  yard  ' 
of  a  manufacturing  firm  not  half  a  mile  away  from 
your  imposing  Town  Hall.  My  guide  approached  the 
foreman  with  a  request  to  see  the  quarters  occupied 
by  the  natives  employed  there.  The  request  was 
promptly  granted.  I  was  shown,  in  a  corner  of  a 
large  shed,  a  number  of  cells  made  of  corrugated  iron 
arranged  in  two  stories  each  about  7  feet  by  7  feet 
and  about  7  feet  in  height.  Only  two  of  the  dozen 
or  so  cells  had  windows — and  these  were  merely  holes 
covered  with  boards  and  fastened.    I  feel  certain  that. 


156  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

were  such  places  used  for  the  keeping  of  animals,  the 
Society  for  the  Prevention  of  Cruelty  to  Animals 
would  have  no  difficulty  whatever  in  making  out  a  case 
of  cruelty  in  any  court  in  the  world.  Yet  in  these 
cells  human  beings  were  living.  In  some  of  these,  I 
was  told,  a  man  and  woman  lived,  though  I  am  sure 
I  do  not  know  how  that  is  physically  possible. 

''  In  another  place,  a  contractor's  yard,  I  saw  boys 
housed  in  dark  and  filthy  stalls,  in  rooms  without 
windows  and  indescribably  filthy,  and  one  boy  in  a 
sort  of  a  dog  kennel  into  which  one  could  get  only  by 
crawling  on  all  fours.  Four  or  five  other  quarters 
provided  by  various  large  firms  in  the  town  were 
visited,  and,  with  a  single  exception,  none  of  these 
could  be  considered  fit  habitations  for  human  beings, 
no  matter  how  low  and  degraded  they  might 
be." 

Of  course  the  natural  result  from  such  a  situation 
is  not  only  tuberculosis  and  other  diseases,  but  wide- 
spread conditions  of  vice.  Commercialized  vice  is  un- 
known to  the  primitive  native.  He  learns  it  for  the 
first  time  in  this  evil  ''  university." 

Bottled  Civilisation 

No  less  tragic  is  the  manner  in  which  the  native  is 
also  receiving  the  white  man's  culture  in  bottled  form. 
According  to  Transvaal  law  it  is  a  criminal  offense 
to  give  or  sell  alcoholic  liquor  to  a  native.  It  is  like- 
wise illegal  for  a  native  to  be  in  possession  of  liquor. 
That  is  to  say,  the  law  declares  that  white  men  may 


From  the  simple  life  of  the  kraals  half  a  million  natives  a  year 
go  to  the  mines  of  Johannesburg.  Twenty  thousand  of  these 
die  within  a  year,  and  thousands  who  do  survive  physically  are 
ruined  morally  by  the  white  man's  "  civilization." 


THE  GOLDEN  WHIRLPOOL  IS7 

drink,  but  black  men  may  not.  Naturally,  such  a  one- 
sided and  illogical  law  cannot  well  be  enforced.  The 
result  is  that  a  tremendous  illicit  trade  in  liquor  has 
grown  up.  The  method  is  simple.  A  "  liquor  king  " 
sends  young  white  men  around  to  the  bottle  stores  to 
purchase  bottles  of  liquor.  They  bring  the  liquor  to 
the  *'  king's  "  house,  where  it  is  poured  into  a  bathtub, 
adulterated  with  methylated  spirits,  tobacco  juice,  pep- 
per, and  similar  ingredients,  and  diluted  with  water. 
Then  it  is  put  up  in  other  bottles  and  new  labels  are 
stuck  on.  Thus  one  bottle  of  the  original  poison  be- 
comes two  of  the  still  more  evil  poison.  Then  the 
liquor  is  distributed  secretly  to  the  natives  who  pay 
high  prices  for  it. 

More  than  six  hundred  whites  in  a  year  are  con- 
victed for  selling  liquor  to  the  natives,  and  there  are 
many  others  who  are  not  caught,  probably  several 
times  this  number.  In  19 14  more  than  sixty  per  cent, 
of  the  white  convicts  were  in  jail  because  of  ilHcit 
liquor  traffic. 

Drunkenness  is  much  more  common  among  gold- 
miners  than  among  diamond  miners.  The  reason  is 
that  the  miners  of  gold  are  allowed  to  leave  their 
compounds  at  certain  times  and  wander  abroad 
through  the  city  on  condition  that  they  return  when 
the  curfew  rings  at  nine  o'clock.  The  diamond  min- 
ers, however,  are  kept  in  "  closed  compounds  "  and 
are  virtually  prisoners.  This  is  necessary  to  keep  dia- 
monds from  being  taken  out.  It  is  also  quite  effective 
in  preventing  liquor  from  coming  in.     A  high  fence 


158  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

constantly  stands  between  the  employee  and  his  "  per- 
sonal liberty." 

If,  after  a  few  months,  he  wishes  to  quit  his  job, 
he  is  immediately  the  object  of  suspicion  and  explorers 
begin  to  go  over  him,  hunting  for  hidden  diamonds. 
He  may  have  one  hidden  away  in  his  hair  or  nose  or 
mouth  or  in  a  decayed  tooth,  or  perhaps  it  has  been 
swallowed,  or  tucked  under  a  finger  nail  or  toe-nail  or 
into  a  flesh  wound.  '*  Hence  every  laborer  is  locked 
in  a  cell  for  several  days  with  hands  shackled,  given 
a  course  of  physic,  and  thoroughly  searched.  But  the 
fact  that  there  is  no  shortage  in  labor  supply  and  that 
many  return  time  and  again  through  many  years  shows 
that  natives  consider  such  servitude  by  no  means  unen- 
durable." 

Keeping  Workers  In  and  Liquor  Out 

There  has  been  much  criticism  of  the  closed  com- 
pound system  because  of  the  restraint  it  places  upon 
the  natives.  However,  this  seems  to  be  necessary  in 
the  diamond  industry.  Certain  missionaries  believe 
that  the  closed  compound  should  be  adopted  in  all  the 
mines  because  of  the  advantage  of  greater  sobriety 
and  steadiness  among  the  men  who  are  thus  not  ex- 
posed to  the  liquor  traffic.  They  are  quick  to  add, 
however,  that  that  is  not  going  far  enough.  What 
the  Rand  needs  is  total  prohibition — for  whites  and 
for  natives  alike.  This  was  enforced  at  Panama,  and 
General  Gorgas  places  himself  on  record  as  strongly 
favoring  its  enforcement  on  the  Rand. 


THE  GOLDEN  WHIRLPOOL  159 

One  of  the  evil  fruits  of  conditions  on  the  Rand  is 
the  secret  society  known  as  "  The  Ninevites,"  which 
originated  in  the  jails  of  the  Rand.  The  Ninevites 
have  their  king,  who  has  absolute  power  of  life  and 
death  over  every  member  of  the  organization.  Fre- 
quently in  the  newspapers  of  Johannesburg  one  may 
see  reports  of  mysterious  killings.  In  many  cases 
these  murders  have  been  committed  by  Ninevites  un- 
der authority  of  their  master.  Any  Ninevite  who 
should  refuse  to  commit  the  crime  allotted  to  him 
would  be  killed.  Such  has  been  the  result  of  the  civili- 
zation of  Johannesburg! 

Even  in  the  closed  compounds  of  the  diamond 
mines,  where  superficial  investigation  might  seem  to 
show  that  conditions  were  excellent,  things  are  not 
quite  as  they  seem. 

"  Be  not  deceived,"  says  a  Christian  missionary  out 
of  his  thorough  knowledge  of  these  compounds. 
**  These  fellows,  donning  European  clothes  and  living 
on  bread  and  butter  and  sardines,  are  not  only  unmiti- 
gated heathen,  but  they  are  viler  heathen.  They  are 
annexing  not  only  profanity,  gambling,  and  drink 
(when  obtainable)  but  also  unmentionable  vices  un- 
known except  through  contact  with  white  men.  Reen- 
forced  carnality  holds  sway  in  the  compounds." 

Our  black  man,  after  his  term  of  six  months  or  a 
year  in  the  "  university  "  goes  back  to  his  kraal.  He 
probably  takes  with  him  a  derby  hat,  a  pair  of  spats, 
an  alarm  clock,  a  bunch  of  old  keys,  a  looking-glass, 
a  necktie,  a  complete  collection  of  English  and  Ameri- 


i6o  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

can  oaths,  the  love  of  liquor,  a  developed  capacity  for 
vice  and  crime,  the  beginnings  of  tuberculosis  and 
other  diseases,  and  an  atheistic  contempt  for  any  laws, 
either  material  or  spiritual. 

Some  one,  was  it  Billy  Sunday,  has  said :  "  It  takes 
more  than  a  varsity  suit,  a  frat  pin,  a  bulldog  pipe, 
an  Qgg  hat,  and  a  '  Rah,  rah,  rah! '  to  make  a  man." 
But  many  college  graduates  regard  these  things  as  the 
symbol  of  manhood.  Likewise,  the  graduates  of 
Africa's  "  University  of  crime "  consider  that  to  be 
civilized  means  simply  to  acquire  the  trashy  trappings 
and  vices  of  civilization.  Every  graduate  who  thus  re- 
turns is  an  example  to  hundreds  of  others  to  whom 
he  is  only  too  glad  to  retail  his  new  learning. 

What  are  Christian  missions  doing  in  the  face  of 
this  desperate  situation? 

There  are  a  few  missionaries  scattered  throughout 
central  and  southern  Africa — not  so  many  as  there 
will  be  when  the  white  man's  conscience  awakes  and 
he  tries  to  make  up  for  the  terrible  wrong  he  has  put 
upon  the  black  man.  In  Johannesburg  and  on  the 
Rand  there  are  about  fourteen  mission  societies  at 
work.  Of  the  half  million  persons  who  come  and  go 
in  the  course  of  a  year,  resulting  in  a  constant  popula- 
tion of  about  two  hundred  and  eighty  thousand,  there 
are  from  twenty-five  thousand  to  thirty  thousand  who 
attend  religious  services  with  fair  regularity.  There 
are  not  many  compounds  where  there  is  not  held  at 
least  one  meeting  on  a  Sunday.  The  missions  are 
making  a  combined  attack  upon  the  liquor  traffic  and 


THE  GOLDEN  WHIRLPOOL  i6i 

are  carrying  on  this  campaign  in  a  systematic  and 
sensible  way  that  ought  to  bring  results. 

Hard  for  Men  to  Stay  Good  in  Bad  Houses 

There  is  not  space  here  to  consider  in  detail  the 
work  of  the  fourteen  societies.  Perhaps  the  clearest 
understanding  of  the  mission  problem  involved  in  the 
Johannesburg  situation  may  be  had  from  a  study  of 
the  task  of  one  man,  an  outstanding  missionary  pio- 
neer, Frederick  B.  Bridgman.  This  is  a  great  man 
with  a  great  faith.  Up  and  down  the  Rand  he  goes 
on  the  wings  of  mercy  (which  is  missionary  for 
motorcycle),  chugging  into  almost  Impossible  situa- 
tions and  coming  out  with  triumph,  carrying  sweetness 
and  light  into  the  blackest  conditions. 

He  understands  the  connection  between  a  man's 
body  and  his  soul.  He  knows,  for  example,  that  it  is 
hard  for  a  good  man  to  stay  good  If  he  lives  in  a 
bad  house.  At  a  lantern  lecture  which  he  gave  on  the 
housing  problem,  his  audience  became  so  excited  that 
they  began  to  shout :  "  Where  is  our  sanitary  in- 
spector ? "  It  happened  that  the  sanitary  inspector 
was  sitting  in  the  first  row.  At  the  end  of  the  lecture 
he  said  to  Dr.  Bridgman  that  he  had  not  realized  that 
these  conditions  existed,  and  requested  Bridgman  to 
serve  as  honorary  Inspector,  and  gave  him  a  badge! 

Dr.  Bridgman  believes  thoroughly  in  social  service. 
He  beUeves  in  good  housing  conditions,  the  prohibi- 
tion of  liquor,  the  education  of  the  natives  in  football, 
tennis,  and  music,  the  use  of  wholesome  moving  pic- 


i62  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

tures,  and  other  amusements  to  take  the  place  of  the 
existing  devil-inspired  recreations  of  Johannesburg. 

But  he  believes  still  more  vitally  in  the  regenerating 
power  of  the  gospel  message  itself.  Hence,  a  great 
deal  of  his  work  is  directly  evangelistic.  In  thirty- 
five  compounds  he  has  regular  preaching  services,  and 
in  seven  or  eight  of  these  he  has  chapels  already 
erected.  He  describes  interestingly  the  sort  of  work 
carried  on  in  one  of  these  compounds : 

"  During  our  look  around  we  come  to  a  yard  blessed 
with  some  trees  under  whose  shade  some  forty  men, 
seated  on  boxes,  are  grouped  about  one  of  their  num- 
ber who  stands  with  open  book  in  hand.  It  is  our 
Daniel  and  his  little  band.  As  this  is  a  special  day, 
the  services  continue  from  9.30  to  4,  saving  an  hour's 
intermission.  Much  time  is  given  to  an  experience 
meeting  when  the  roll  of  members  and  inquirers  is 
called.  On  my  last  visit  six  were  received  on  confes- 
sion, after  at  least  a  year  in  the  preparatory  class. 
Two  were  disciplined,  one  for  gambling,  the  other  for 
immorality.  Remembering  their  antecedents  and  this 
awful  environment  with  every  sin  mentioned  in  the 
first  chapter  of  Romans  except  murder,  what  a  miracle 
that  any  should  make  even  a  start  Christward! 

"To  have  no  chapel  here  is  a  serious  handicap. 
Usually  when  part  way  through  our  service,  wind, 
dust,  and  smoke  or  the  yelling  of  a  tribal  dance  make  ^ 
the  position  unendurable.  So  we  retreat  into  one  of 
the  dormitories,  a  barn-like  room,  some  50  by  30  feet, 
the  walls  being  lined  with  a  two-story  tier  of  bunks./ 


THE  GOLDEN  WHIRLPOOL  163 

Since  many  of  the  sixty  roomers  are  not  sympathetic, 
conditions  are  far  from  ideal  But  for  the  hour  of 
communion  the  mine  provides  a  quiet  room.  And  I 
am  thankful  to  say  that  the  Company  has  just  prom- 
ised that  they  will  provide  us  with  a  chapel.  An  open- 
air  rally  with  some  two  hundred  and  fifty  listeners 
closes  the  day's  work. 

''  During  the  week  Preacher  Likumbi  holds  day 
and  night  school  to  provide  for  both  shifts,  has  Bible 
classes,  prayer-meetings,  and  does  personal  work. 
While  as  yet  our  band  numbers  only  fifty  to  sixty,  this 
but  partially  represents  the  results.  Many  converts 
have  gone  as  light-bearers  to  far-away  kraals.  As 
these  return  to  work  from  time  to  time  our  company 
will  gather  strength." 

Enough  Fezis  Would  Save  'Africa 

Johannesburg  graduates  many  devils;  but  through 
the  efforts  of  the  missionaries,  she  also  graduates  not 
a  few  saints.  They  go  back  to  their  native  communi- 
ties carrying  a  new  message  of  light  and  hope. 

"  The  achievements  of  some  of  these  converted  sav- 
ages read  almost  as  a  chapter  in  the  Acts  of  the 
Apostles.  Think  of  'raw'  heathen  who  have  just 
found  Jesus,  and  who  have  by  real  sacrifice  managed 
to  attend  a  night  school  for  several  months,  returning 
to  a  pagan  region  to  win  their  neighbors  to  Christ,  to 
build  churches,  establish  schools,  and  exemplify  the 
standards  of  Christianity.  This  is  just  what  some  of 
our  converts  have  done  down  in  the  fever-stricken 


i64  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

coast  district  four  hundred  miles  east  of  Johannes- 
burg. Seven  chapels  were  here  built  by  spontaneous 
native  effort,  and  about  two  hundred  men  and  women 
were  baptized.  Tragic  to  relate,  this  beautiful  work 
for  Christ  is  now  endangered  by  want  of  missionary 
oversight. 

''  Another  instance :  Several  years  ago  Fezi,  while 
working  in  Johannesburg,  renounced  his  evil  ways  and 
stood  up  in  church  to  '  choose  the  Lord.'  After  la- 
boriously learning  to  read  the  Testament  and  to  write 
a  prize-puzzle  hand,  Fezi  returned  to  his  kraal  at 
Bushbuck  Ridge,  one  of  the  darkest  regions  I  know. 

"  The  first  thing  Fezi  did  was  to  bring  his  brother, 
Tobi,  to  the  Master.  They  have  both  been  fishers  of 
men  ever  since — home  missionaries  without  pay.  Last 
year,  when  visiting  Bushbuck  Ridge,  nearly  four  hun- 
dred miles  from  Johannesburg,  I  found  that  as  the 
result  of  their  efforts  chapels  had  been  built,  the  ex- 
tremes geographically  being  eighty  miles  apart.  The 
congregations  were  composed  of  scores  of  persons 
neatly  dressed,  as  well  as  of  scantily  clad  heathen. 
One  of  the  brothers  is  now  taking  a  three-year  course 
in  the  Mission's  Bible  school  in  Natal,  and  the  other 
brother  expects  to  go  later. 

Missions  the  Only  Murder  Preventive 

"  Bushbuck  Ridge  is  earnestly  pleading  for  a  mis- 
sionary. These  people  just  coming  into  the  light  show 
their  good  sense  by  frankly  recognizing  their  limita- 
tions.    They  want  help  and  guidance  in  their  evan- 


Copyright,  Underwood  cv-  Underwood. 

Heaps  of  crushed  ore  from  which  the  gold  has  been  extracted 
in  the  crushing  mill.  Forty-one  per  cent,  of  the  gold  output  of 
the   world   is   produced   on   the   Rand.  > 


THE  GOLDEN  WHIRLPOOL  165 

gelistic  efforts.  They  themselves  require  Christian 
nurture.  They  are  crying  for  schools.  Bushbuck 
Ridge  is  strategically  located  in  the  heart  of  a  popu- 
lous district,  one  hundred  miles  each  way,  without  a 
missionary.  The  English  officials  concerned  assured 
me  that  they  would  welcome  the  planting  of  a  mis- 
sion station,  and  that  they  would  do  all  possible  to  aid 
the  enterprise.  The  magistrate  remarked  that  while 
the  arm  of  the  law  might  now  and  then  punish  the 
culprit  of  a  witchcraft  murder,  missions  were  the 
only  preventive." 

But  what  is  a  handful  of  missionaries  and  native 
converts  among  so  many?  Tremendous  reenforce- 
ments  must  be  given  to  all  missionary  work  within  a 
radius  of  a  thousand  miles  of  Johannesburg. 

The  mission  schools  now  teaching  farming  and  the 
trades  have  won  the  support  of  the  government,  and 
have  shown  what  might  be  accomplished  by  a  whole 
system  of  Christian  institutions  that  shall  have  it  as 
their  object  to  transform  the  work  as  well  as  the 
workers  of  many  races.  After  all,  the  South  African 
tribesman  is  an  agriculturalist  and  a  herder.  Show 
him  how  to  be  a  better  farmer  and  you  go  far  toward 
saving  him  from  the  evils  which  overwhelm  him  and 
his  family  when  he  takes  up  the  unnatural  life  of  the 
miner. 

One  of  the  interesting  schools  of  this  type  is  Xman- 
zimtoti  Institute,  "  the  Hampton  of  Natal."  In  its 
industrial  department  it  gives  vocational  training  for 
both  boys  and  girls,  with  especial  attention  to  agricul- 


i66  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

ture;  in  its  normal  department  it  prepares  teachers  for 
native  primary  schools  throughout  Natal  and  beyond; 
in  its  theological  department  it  trains  a  native  ministry 
for  the  churches  of  the  region.  ''  Church,  school, 
shop,  farm,  and  home — for  all  these  positions  in  life 
the  school  aims  to  fit  its  pupils."  How  the  graduates 
of  the  Institute  impressed  the  employers  into  v^hose 
service  they  entered  after  graduation  is  shown  by  the 
replies  sent  in  when  these  men  were  asked  to  give  their 
opinions  of  the  boys  working  for  them.  Here  are 
some  of  the  statements: 

"  The  best  boys  I  have."  "  If  they  left  we  don't 
know  how  we  could  get  along  without  them."  "  Never 
any  trouble — hard  workers."  "  Rattling  good  boys." 
"  A  hundred  times  better  than  raw  kaffirs."  "  Best 
shoemaker  in  the  city,  bar  none."  "  Absolutely  the 
best  boy  we  ever  struck  in  this  country."  "  These  two 
boys  among  the  very  best  we  have."  "  A  good  fel- 
low, reliable,  truthful,  and  obliging.  For  general  con- 
duct he  could  give  us  whites  something  to  emulate." 
And  other  opinions  in  the  same  strain.  The  list  of 
laudatory  statements  is  before  me,  and  to  print  it  in 
full  would  require  several  pages. 

Until  we  have  provided  many  such  centers  where 
the  young  people  of  the  South  African  tribes  shall  be 
educated  in  a  Christian  atmosphere  for  work  that  is 
suited  to  the  circumstances  of  their  life  and  where 
Christian  leaders  shall  be  prepared,  the  most  powerful 
training  institution  in  the  land  will  continue  to  be  the 
"  university  of  crime." 


THE  GOLDEN  WHIRLPOOL  167 

You  Gave  "Africa  Your  Worst,  Now  Give  Your  Best 

Let  us  not  think  that  we  are  altruistic  in  giving  the 
help  that  is  needed.  It  is  our  "  civilization  " — the 
civilization  of  the  white  man — that  has  cursed  Africa. 
Our  shiploads  of  liquor  have  been  spreading  drunk- 
enness through  half  a  continent.  Our  peculiar  vices, 
formerly  unknown  to  the  natives  of  Africa,  have  been 
added  to  the  already  quite  sufficient  vices  of  the  black 
man.  Our  white  plague,  tuberculosis,  has  laid  its 
deadly  blight  upon  the  land. 

We  have  given  Africa  our  "  civilization."  The  only 
thing  left  for  us  now  to  do,  if  we  are  to  obey  our 
loudly-speaking  conscience,  is  to  turn  squarely  about 
and  offer  Africa  a  civilization  that  needs  no  quota- 
tion marks,  a  genuine  civilization,  based  on  a  vital 
Christianity. 

Every  distant  jungle  village  needs  real  representa- 
tives of  civilization — it  does  not  matter  whether  they, 
are  called  missionaries  or  not — men  of  high  and  sen- 
sible ideals,  to  teach  the  scientific  growing  of  crops, 
that  natives  may  not  need  to  go  to  the  cities  to  earn  a 
fair  living;  to  teach  the  art  of  reading,  so  that  the 
realm  of  books  and  knowledge  may  be  opened;  to 
teach  wholesome  recreation,  so  that  the  life  of  the 
kraal  may  be  made  less  irksome;  to  supplant  the  super- 
stitious belief  in  devils  with  a  stalwart  faith  in  the  one 
God  before  atheism  has  had  a  chance;  to  introduce 
the  great  and  good  forces  of  civilization,  so  that  when 
the  cankering  influences  come,  the  native  life  may  be 
strong  enough  to  resist  them. 


i68  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

Johannesburg  needs  real  representatives  of  civiliza- 
tion; strong,  fearless  men  who  will  fight  until  they 
bring  about  absolute  prohibition,  the  scouring  out  of 
vice,  sanitation  that  will  prevent  tuberculosis,  instruc- 
tion that  will  build  character  and  implant  faith.  The 
massing  of  native  manhood  on  the  Rand  gives  a 
unique  opportunity  for  preaching  the  gospel.  In  Jo- 
hannesburg the  missionary  has  all  Africa  south  of  the 
Zambezi  as  his  parish. 

The  challenge  rings  out  to  all  people  who  wear  white 
faces. 

You  have  given  "Africa  your  worst.  Now  give  her 
your  best. 


VII 
PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK 


VII 


PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK 

"  Missionaries  are  such  impracticable  people.  What 
the  heathen  need  is  something  more  than  psalm-singing 
and  theology.  Sprinkling  water  on  their  heads  and 
giving  them  a  Scripture  name  has  little  value.  They 
should  be  taught  to  use  their  hands — to  '  saw  wood/ 
in  modern  parlance." 

Those  who  offer  such  criticisms  simply  do  not  know 
of  the  extensive  industrial  mission  movement  of  the 
present  day.  The  watchword  of  the  German  monks 
of  the  middle  ages,  Cruce  et  aratro — "  By  the  power 
of  the  cross  and  the  plow  " — is  finding  new  significance 
in  the  twentieth  century.  In  every  land  the  gospel 
of  the  plow,  the  chisel,  and  the  saw  is  steadily  taking  its 
place  as  a  component  part  of  the  greater  gospel. 

The  types  of  industrial  education  being  carried  on 
in  different  countries  are  as  different  as  the  countries 
themselves.  The  missionary  must  trim  his  cloth  to 
fit  his  pattern.  The  missionaries  of  the  United  Pres- 
byterian Church  of  North  America  at  Gujranwala, 
India,  found  that  it  was  necessary  to  make  some  pro- 
vision for  the  orphans  from  the  famine-stricken  areas. 
They  opened  an  orphanage — which  soon  logically  be- 
came an  industrial  school  where  these  boys  might  be 

171 


172  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

given  both  an  industrial  education  and  a  religious  edu- 
cation, fitting  them  to  earn  a  competent  livelihood  and 
to  become  honorable,  useful  Christian  men. 

The  ^Adaptable  Missionary 

A  Scotch  missionary  in  Formosa  is  teaching  mas- 
sage! The  reason  is  that  his  students  are  blind  and 
this  is  a  profession  they  can  easily  follow.  Thirty  of 
his  boys  are  now  earning  their  living  as  masseurs.  He 
teaches  many  other  things,  too — ^brush  making,  basket 
making,  interpreting,  knitting,  and  other  activities, 
every  subject  for  study  being  determined  by  the  abili- 
ties of  the  students  and  the  needs  of  the  country. 

In  the  Philippines,  where  American  modernism  has 
swept  in,  the  Jaro  Industrial  School  of  the  American 
Baptist  Foreign  Missionary  Society  is  meeting  the 
situation  by  teaching  such  modern  subjects  as  teleg- 
raphy, stenography,  typewriting,  bookkeeping,  electric 
wiring,  and  surveying. 

In  Africa  the  great  industrial  opportunity  lies  in 
agriculture.  That  is  why  the  industrial  mission  at  Old 
Umtali,  in  Rhodesia,  teaches  the  native  how  to  grow 
more  grain  and  larger  vegetables,  and  instructs  him 
in  animal  husbandry,  including  the  judging  of  stock 
for  market  purposes  and  knowledge  of  simple  diseases 
common  to  animals  in  tropical  countries.  The  stu- 
dents of  this  mission  have  started  large  irrigated  gar- 
dens in  about  fifteen  out-stations.  Here  green  vege- 
tables appear  from  three  to  five  months  earlier  than 
the  untrained  natives  can  produce  them. 


Everything  from  road-building  to  needlework,  from  telegraphy 
to  massage,  is  taught  in  industrial  mission  schools.  This  class, 
in  a  Cawnpore  school,  is  developing  competent  blacksmiths. 


PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK  173 

In  another  part  of  Africa,  at  Kambini,  the  soil  is 
especially  suited  to  the  growing  of  fruit-trees.  Ac- 
cordingly the  Methodist  Episcopal  mission  gives  in- 
struction in  the  cultivation  of  coconut-trees,  oranges, 
apples,  lemons,  limes,  peaches,  grapefruit,  papaws, 
lichi,  mandarins,  sweet  limes,  and  rose-apples.  Also 
peanuts  and  corn  have  been  found  to  do  well  here,  so 
they  have  been  included  in  the  curriculum. 

Thus  the  missionary  proves  himself  adaptable  to 
local  conditions.  If  the  community  has  industrial 
need  of  one  thing,  he  tries  to  furnish  that  one  thing. 
If  he  finds  himself  in  a  community  where  there  are 
many  needs,  he  makes  his  industrial  program  as  many- 
sided  as  possible.  A  good  example  of  such  many- 
sided  activity  is  seen  in  the  work  at  Elat  in  West 
Africa. 

■Not  Much  These  Boys  Couldn't  Do 

The  following  letter,  relating  the  visit  of  the  new 
French  governor  of  Cameroun,  who  came  to  the  col- 
ony after  it  had  been  won  from  the  Germans,  gives  a 
good  description  of  this  remarkable  station: 

"  The  Captain  of  this  district  brought  the  new  Gov- 
ernor of  South  Cameroun  to  visit  the  station.  We 
took  him  first  to  the  industrial  school  and  showed  him 
the  chair  class  at  work  on  all  kinds  of  furniture. 
Right  from  the  first  I  could  see  his  surprise.  He  was 
not  looking  for  such  work.  He  examined  the  chairs, 
tables,  sofas,  and  other  odd  pieces  with  great  interest. 
He  did  not  seem  to  understand  how  such  w^ork  was 


174  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

possible  to  these  natives.  I  presented  him  with  a 
chair  and  a  mahogany-topped  table. 

"  We  went  then  to  the  hat  class,  vv^here  he  saw 
the  different  kinds  of  hats.  He  was  greatly  interested 
in  the  tropical  helmets  we  were  making,  and  examined 
them  in  all  the  different  stages.  To  see  these  helmets 
as  neatly  made  and  as  strong  as  the  average  European- 
made  article,  and  made,  too,  by  black  boys  and  in  a 
mission,  seemed  to  be  too  much  for  him. 

"  Then  we  went  to  the  tailor  class,  where  another 
surprise  awaited  him.  He  carefully  examined  the 
clothing,  some  of  it  as  good  as  that  he  had  on.  We 
could  see  a  change  in  his  attitude  toward  us.  Next, 
we  visited  the  room  where  six  boys  were  working  in 
ivory  and  ebony.  I  gave  him  an  ivory  and  ebony 
cane.  From  there  we  went  to  the  pressroom,  where 
he  saw  work  that  was  being  done  for  the  government, 
and  a  small  French  primer  for  the  French  school. 
Then  we  went  into  the  industrial  school  office,  where 
he  saw  the  walls  and  ceiling  and  all  of  the  furniture 
made  of  mahogany.  We  went  then  to  the  sawmill  and 
from  there  to  the  blacksmith  shop,  where  the  boys 
were  repairing  an  automobile.  Then  we  went  to  the 
carpenter  shop.  We  could  see  that  the  man  was  com- 
pletely taken  aback. 

'*  We  then  went  up  to  our  home,  where  Mrs.  Hope 
had  prepared  refreshments.  Then  came  the  next  sur- 
prise. The  walls  of  different  kinds  of  mahogany  and 
other  beautiful  African  woods,  set  him  gazing.  I 
called  his  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  whole  house 


PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK  175 

and  all  the  furniture  in  it  was  made  by  the  boys  in 
the  carpenter  class  he  had  just  seen. 

*'  By  that  time  he  was  willing  to  joke  with  us.  The 
captain  asked  if  that  gramophone  was  not  made  in  the 
industrial  school.  I  assured  him  it  was,  and  as  I 
saw  the  governor  looking  at  a  bookcase  made  of  teak- 
wood,  full  of  books,  I  laughingly  told  him  that  those 
books  were  printed  on  the  Mission  press.  By  this 
time  he  was  full  of  coffee  and  American  cake,  and 
really  seemed  to  be  enjoying  himself. 

"  After  a  while  he  said  it  was  time  he  was  getting 
back  to  the  government  station.  We  told  him  he  had 
not  seen  the  mission  yet,  but  only  a  little  side  line.  We 
then  showed  him  the  girls'  school,  and  afterwards  the 
French  school.  He  forgot  all  about  his  purpose  in 
coming  down  to  put  out  the  large  boys,  and  never  said 
a  word  about  it.  Then  he  was  taken  to  the  big 
church.  When  he  saw  a  building  that  would  seat 
four  thousand,  he  ventured  the  question :  '  Was  it  ever 
full  ? '  When  told  that  there  had  been  as  many  as 
four  thousand  on  the  outside  that  could  not  get  in, 
that  finished  him.  As  we  were  walking  to  his  horse, 
he  said :  '  You  have  a  blessed  work  here  with  these 
native  people.'  Then,  on  leaving,  he  said  to  Mr.  John- 
ston :  '  I  am  greatly  pleased  with  what  I  have  seen 
here,  and  if  at  any  time  I  can  be  of  service  to  you  in 
your  work,  you  have  only  to  command  me.'  " 

A  complete  list  of  the  industries  taught  in  the  in- 
dustrial mission  schools  of  the  world  would  astound 
the  uninformed  American  who  supposes  that  the  sole 


176  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

occupation  of  a  missionary  is  to  stand  under  a  palm- 
tree  and  preach.  Here  is  only  a  partial  list  of  the 
more  common  industrial  subjects  taught  in  the  mis- 
sion schools: 

Architecture  Printing 

Drafting  Bookbinding 

Mechanical  drawing  Farming 

Building  Road  building 

Carpentry  Lumbering 

Masonry  Domestic  science 

Wagon  making  Laundering 

Boat  building  Bread  making 

Coffin  making  Candy  making 

Furniture  making  Canning 

Wood-working  and  -carving  Soap  making 

Cane  work  Needlework 

Lock  making  Embroidery 

Brick  and  tile  making  Spinning 

Rug  making  Weaving 

Rope  making  Basketry 

Shoemaking  Massage 

Tailoring  Stenography 

Blacksmithing  Typewriting 


'Seven  Reasons  for  Industrial  Missions 

Why  this  extensive  industrial  activity  on  the  part 
of  missions?  Why  should  missionaries,  who  have 
been  sent  out  to  preach  the  living  God,  spend  any  part 
of  their  time  in  teaching  industries? 

There  are  at  least  seven  good  reasons.  We  shall 
take  them  up  in  detail  in  this  chapter.  Briefly,  these 
seven  reasons  why  industrial  education  should  be  a 
part  of  missionary  endeavor  are : 

First,  to  promote  the  idea  of  the  dignity  of  labor. 
Second,  to  advance  moral  integrity  and  character. 
Third,  to  raise  the  social  plane  and  the  standards  of 


PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK  177 

living  of  the  community.  Fourth,  to  enable  students, 
otherwise  unable  to  attend  school,  to  support  them- 
selves while  getting  an  education.  Fifth,  to  provide 
an  opening  for  Christian  teaching.  Sixth,  to  make 
possible  the  self-support  of  native  churches.  Seventh, 
to  avoid  the  gulf  that  has  opened  in  certain  Western 
countries  between  the  laboring  class  and  the  church, 
and  to  make  the  faith  of  the  Carpenter  of  Nazareth 
the  faith  of  all  workers  the  world  over. 

From  every  land  comes  testimony  regarding  the  ef- 
fect of  industrial  education  in  revolutionizing  the  native 
idea  concerning  the  dignity  of  labor. 

"This  city  is  full  of  learned  Christian  loafers!" 
cried  one  missionary  in  India.  Indian  unrest  is  inter- 
preted by  President  W.  H.  P.  Faunce  to  be  the  di- 
rect product  of  Indian  education  in  subjects  having 
no  relation  to  Indian  life.  "  The  dignity  of  labor  is 
not  generally  understood  by  the  Bengali,"  says  a  mis- 
sionary, "  a  written  examination  being  usually  consid- 
ered the  only  standard  of  attainment,  and  office  work 
the  only  work  permissible  to  a  gentleman.  To  learn  to 
do  something,  instead  of  merely  saying  how  it  can  be 
done,  would  have  the  best  effect  on  individual  charac- 
ter." 

The  same  story  comes  from  China.  '^  The  Chinese 
need  to  develop  a  sense  of  shame  for  idleness.  The  at- 
titude of  the  average  Chinese  family  of  middle  class 
is  to  discourage  its  members  v^^ho  wish  to  learn  a  trade, 
for  that  would  degrade  them  socially. 

"  Wrong  notions  about  manual  labor  must  be  up- 


178  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

rooted  and  practical  training  be  given  to  boys  and 
girls  that  will  stand  them  in  good  stead  in  whatever 
walks  of  life  they  may  engage." 

The  Aristocracy  of  White  Hands 

Africa,  too,  has  its  contempt  for  the  toiler.  A  mis'- 
sionary  to  West  Africa  wrote :  *'  When  I  came  to 
Batanga  we  could  hardly  get  men  to  work  for  us  and 
the  few  who  came  were  often  sneered  at  and  ridiculed 
because  '  they  sold  their  skin  for  money,'  that  is, 
they  worked  for  wages.  During  the  last  few  years 
more  men  were  available  than  we  could  employ."  At 
Budo  a  school  was  started  about  ten  years  ago,  admit- 
tedly on  a  literary  basis,  but  the  missionary  in  charge 
soon  discovered  that  there  was  great  need  for  some 
sort  of  industrial  work  to  supplement  and  in  some 
cases  counteract  the  effect  of  the  academic  work.  The 
boys  were  taken  to  Lake  Victoria  to  see  the  Uganda 
Railway.  They  were  impressed,  not  only  by  the  wis- 
dom of  the  white  man  but  even  more  by  the  way  he 
worked  with  his  hands.  These  boys,  who  were  prac- 
tically all  sons  of  chiefs,  came  back  ready  and  eager 
to  do  some  sort  of  industrial  work.  Industrial  courses 
were  immediately  established,  and  the  natives  of  the 
countryside  could  scarcely  believe  their  eyes  when 
they  saw  chiefs*  sons  and  chiefs  themselves  and  even 
princes  digging  and  planting  and  making  roads,  and 
doing  it  all  without  a  word  of  complaint. 

It  was  discovered  in  St.  Andrew's  Industrial  School 
for    Boys,    conducted    by   the    Protestant    Episcopal 


PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK  179 

Church  at  Guadalajara,  Mexico,  that  there  was  being 
developed  "  an  aristocracy  of  white  hands  and  polished 
shoes  and  high  collars."  So  the  school  was  moved 
out  of  the  city  to  a  farm  and  turned  into  an  industrial 
and  agricultural  school  The  change  for  the  better  in 
the  mental  attitude  of  the  students  was  immediately 
noticeable. 

This  disdain  for  labor  is  found  among  almost  every 
backward  people.  In  fact,  that  is  one  great  cause 
of  their  backwardness.  It  is  found  in  the  Philippines, 
although  it  is  now  rapidly  disappearing  as  a  result  of 
the  American  occupation.  "  If  I  were  compelled  to 
give  up  one  department  of  instruction  apart  from  the 
Bible,"  states  the  president  of  Silliman  Institute  in  the 
Philippines,  *'  I  would  give  up  anything  rather  than 
the  industrial  work.  This  department  gives  an  energy 
and  strength  to  the  other  departments  that  can  be 
gained  in  no  other  way.  When  Silliman  was  opened 
in  1 90 1  the  average  boy  considered  it  a  disgrace  to 
carry  his  grip  up  from  the  boat  landing.  A  year  ago, 
when  we  were  enlarging  the  athletic  field  of  the  school, 
every  boy  in  Silliman  was  out  on  the  field  with  an  ax, 
spade,  hoe,  or  pickax,  hard  at  work,  and  among  them 
was  the  son  of  General  Aguinaldo,  and  the  sons  of  va- 
rious provincial  governors  and  rich  men  of  the  island, 
who  had  never  done  a  day's  work  in  their  lives  until 
they  came  to  the  school.  Industrial  work  broadens  a 
boy's  outlook  on  life." 

The  dignifying  and  exalting  of  labor  is  then  the 
first  great  and  good  reason  for  industrial  education. 


i8o  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

Making  Lace  and  Character 

Coherent  with  the  first  reason  is  the  second — the 
advancement  of  moral  integrity  and  character. 

In  the  lace-making  of  Porto  Rico  the  unlimited  pa- 
tience, aesthetic  taste,  and  mathematical  accuracy  re- 
quired for  this  work  are  found  by  the  missionaries 
to  be  tremendous  factors  in  the  development  of  native 
character.  *'  We  find  in  them  the  necessary  basis  for 
systematic  growth  and  religious  zeal." 

The  enormous  Basel  Mission  in  India,  which  oper- 
ates a  half  dozen  factories  and  employs  many  thou- 
sands of  people,  states  as  one  of  its  chief  reasons  for 
existence  its  purpose  to  train  the  natives  "  in  dili- 
gence, honesty,  and  steadiness  of  character.'* 

That  the  native  fathers  expect  much  of  the  mis- 
sionaries when  they  send  their  boys  to  them  for  in- 
dustrial training  is  to  be  seen  in  the  following  letter 
which  a  father  wrote  concerning  his  son,  who  was 
about  to  enter  the  Boys'  Boarding  and  Day  School  of 
the  American  Board  at  Sholapur,  in  western  India: 

"If  you  will  kindly  try  to  read  his  phrenology, 
physiognomy,  and  graphology,  you  must  discover  as 
the  most  promising  boy  to  turn  him  out  to  be  President 
of  America  as  James  Garfield,  Abraham  Lincoln,  and 
others.  May  God  inspire  you  to  satisfy  my  high  as- 
pirations and  bless  us  all  in  all  respects  in  triumphs. 
Amen." 

The  industrial  mission  schools  do  not  always  turn 
out  Presidents,  but  they  do  turn  out  graduates  who 


The  reindeer  andustry  developed  in  various  parts  of  Alaska 
by  missionaries  is  making  possible  higher  standards  of  living 
and  of  civilization  among  the  Eskimos. 


PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK  i8i 

set  formerly  unheard-of  standards  in  integrity  and 
character. 

Missions  and  the  Standard  of  Living 

The  transformation  effected  by  industrial  missions 
in  raising  the  social  plane  of  whole  peoples  and  in 
bettering  the  standards  of  living  is  so  great  as  to  defy 
measurement. 

Churchill,  of  India,  has  invented  a  hand-loom  which 
trebles  the  product  of  the  work  people.  This  means 
much  for  the  economic  betterment  of  the  people  when 
you  consider  that  hand  weaving  is,  next  to  agriculture, 
the  chief  industry  of  India.  Mr.  Churchill  has  re- 
fused to  patent  his  invention,  preferring  that  it  should 
be  free  for  the  use  of  any  one  without  the  payment 
of  royalty  of  any  kind.  The  American  Deccan  Insti- 
tute at  Ahmednagar  complains  that  so  greatly  does  in- 
dustrial teaching  enhance  the  economic  value  of  the 
students  that  "  the  school  has  been  unable  to  keep  its 
own  pupils,  on  account  of  the  high  wages  they  can 
command  on  finishing  their  courses."  Another  mis- 
sion has  taken  orphans  from  among  the  outcaste 
leather  workers  and  has  trained  them  in  the  making 
of  really  high-grade  leather  goods,  with  the  result 
that  they  have  had  repeated  calls  for  their  students 
to  come  as  teachers  or  as  foremen  in  other  institutions 
and  factories,  at  wages  three  or  four  times  the  wages 
paid  to  the  ordinary,  unskilled  laborer.  This  will 
undoubtedly  have  its  reflex  influence  upon  all  this 
poverty-stricken  group  of  leather  workers.     The  ex- 


i82  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

ample  set  by  experts  from  the  mission  school  will  be 
followed,  more  or  less,  by  shoemakers  and  harness- 
makers  throughout  India.  The  improved  standards 
of  work  will  bring  a  larger  remuneration  and  that,  in 
turn,  will  mean  improved  standards  of  living. 

Each  Man  for  Himself  Is  the  Heathen's  Motto 

Specialized  industry  is  essentially  a  social  institu- 
tion. "  Heathenism  is  essentially  selfish,"  says  F. 
Stanley  Dart,  of  Rhodesia,  Africa.  "The  native 
raises  his  own  food  in  his  own  little  garden,  builds  his 
own  hut,  and  is  largely  dependent  upon  his  own  re- 
sources. He  sees  no  reason  for  helping  anybody  else. 
Specialized  industry  changes  all  that.  The  carpenter 
works  for  the  mason,  and  they  both  buy  grain  from 
the  farmer.  There  is  a  hitherto  unheard-of  pride  in 
work  and  a  healthy  competition  in  the  things  which 
make  for  thrift.  The  natural  resources  are  utilized 
for  the  common  good  and  a  spirit  of  neighborliness 
and  mutual  interdependence  springs  up,  which  is  a 
necessary  prerequisite  for  social  reform." 

Large  social  reforms  cannot  take  place  among  a 
people  who  live  from  hand  to  mouth.  A  man's  in- 
come must  increase  to  a  decent  living  wage  before 
he  can  give  much  attention  to  such  matters  as  sani- 
tation, housing,  tuberculosis  campaigns,  better-babies 
contests,  and  public  improvement  societies.  Therefore 
improved  industries  must  be  taught  which  will  make 
this  living  wage  possible. 

If  the  missionary  could  use  improved  American  ma- 


PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK  183 

chinery  in  teaching  these  industries,  his  task  would  be 
simplified,  but  he  knows  that  the  natives  will  not  have 
such  machinery  to  use  when  they  get  back  to  their 
villages.  So,  again,  he  must  be  adjustable.  He  must 
take  the  crude,  native  implements  and  figure  out  some 
way  to  make  them  produce  bigger  results.  In  the  great 
mission  plant  at  Lovedale,  in  Cape  Colony,  for  ex- 
ample, very  little  power  is  used  in  the  shops,  since 
power  will  not  be  available  to  the  natives  afterward. 
Power  would  reduce  the  expenses  and  increase  the 
production  of  the  mission,  but  the  graduate  would  be 
quite  unable  to  make  use  of  what  he  had  learned.  The 
proper  policy  of  any  industrial  mission  is  ''  not  pro- 
duction for  production's  sake,  but  production  for  edu- 
cation's sake." 

One  interesting  mission,  the  Congo  Evangelical 
Training  Institution,  in  Kimpesse,  Africa,  realizes  that 
the  social  cleaning-up  and  betterment  of  a  community 
depends  quite  as  much  upon  the  women  as  upon  the 
men.  Accordingly,  they  require  every  man  who  comes 
to  their  school  to  bring  with  him  his  wife  and  family. 
Everything  from  carpentry  and  brick-making  to  gar- 
dening and  housekeeping  is  taught.  "  The  Institu- 
tion, drawing  as  it  does  whole  families  from  far-lying 
districts,  and  sending  them  out  again  prepared  to  build 
comfortable  homes,  live  well,  teach,  nurse,  and  direct 
work  of  all  kinds,  is  unique,  and  will  intimately  affect 
the  living  conditions  and  moral  conditions  of  a  vast 
area  of  the  valley." 

The  direct  economic  and  social  value  of  industrial 


i84  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

teaching  may  be  seen  in  the  subjects  of  lectures  regu- 
larly given  in  one  industrial  mission  in  Africa;  tools 
necessary  for  a  native  carpenter — their  cost  and  care; 
house  planning  for  native  Christians;  the  use  of  build- 
ing materials  found  in  the  veld;  molding  of  brick,  and 
laying  of  fireplaces  and  chimneys ;  methods  of  protec- 
tion against  white  ants,  dampness,  and  decay;  draining 
and  sanitation;  simple  hardware  and  home-made  sub- 
stitutes; glazing;  soldering;  blacksmithing;  the  manu- 
facture of  glue;  wood  stains  and  finishes;  rustic  fur- 
niture; cane  and  rush  seating;  knots  and  new  basketry 
weaves;  mechanical  aids,  such  as  the  wedge,  pulley, 
and  lever." 

'^An  Industry  that  Saved  a  Race 

In  Labrador  missions  have  saved  the  Eskimos  from 
economic  disaster.  The  missionaries  have  been  in- 
strumental in  building  up  a  large  trade  in  seals  and 
fish,  which  is  being  conducted  on  a  profit-sharing 
basis,  so  that  especially  in  the  case  of  furs  the  fortunate 
trapper  obtains  the  benefit  of  an  advance  in  price  in 
the  London  market.  "  Were  it  not  for  the  trade  con- 
ducted in  connection  with  the  missions,  the  Eskimos  of 
Labrador  would  probably  before  this  have  become 
extinct,  like  their  countrymen  who  formerly  lived  to 
the  south."  In  Alaska  the  missionaries  performed  a 
similar  task  by  their  active  participation  in  the  move- 
ment to  introduce  domesticated  reindeer.  Large  rein- 
deer herds  have  now  been  developed.  They  are  bring- 
ing a  sufficient  financial  return  to  enable  the  Eskimos 


PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK  185 

to  enjoy  the  decencies  of  civilization,  even  in  this  deso- 
late region. 

Indian  villages  in  our  own  West  are  being  cleaned 
up  by  the  power  of — lace!  One  mission  organiza- 
tion maintains  lace  schools  on  ten  reservations.  "  This 
industry,"  says  the  report  of  the  Association  in 
charge,  "  has  transformed  the  lives  of  Indian  women 
undertaking  it.  They  can  readily  be  distinguished 
from  the  others  by  their  neat  appearance  and  bright 
and  hopeful  faces;  indeed,  Senator  Dawes,  of  the 
Dawes  Commission,  stated  at  Lake  Mohonk  that  one 
could  recognize  the  villages  where  the  lace  w^as  taught 
by  the  general  cleanliness  of  the  entire  village."  An- 
other senator  declared  that  he  had  never  seen  a  happier 
lot  of  women,  and  described  them  as  not  only  working 
steadily  but  actually  laughing  and  chatting  together, 
in  strong  contrast  to  the  apathetic  and  hopeless  squaws 
found  there  when  the  missions  first  came. 

Industrial  Experts  Instead  of  Soldiers 

The  teaching  of  systematic  industries  would  raise 
the  social  plane  and  standards  of  living  of  Mexico  and 
make  revolution  a  thing  of  the  past.  Says  Henry 
Ford :  "  I  believe  the  Mexican  problem  to  be  prin- 
cipally industrial.  The  Mexican  never  in  his  life  has 
had  a  chance  to  work  under  decent,  self-respecting 
conditions.  He  has  been  taught  to  hate  work,  the 
one  thing  that  every  one  of  us  should  love.  Instead 
of  soldiers,  we  should  send  industrial  experts  dow^n 
there.    Industrial  experts  from  this  country  could  do 


i86  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS  ' 

great  things  for  Mexico.  Men  like  Luther  Burbank 
should  be  generals  of  the  army  we  send  to  Mexico. 
By  thus  solving  her  industrial  problem,  we  also  would 
solve  her  revolution  problem.  For  Mexicans  really 
busy  at  making  a  living,  making  comfort,  making  hap- 
piness, making  homes,  would  have  no  time  for  making 
revolution." 

The  tremendous  social  results  alone  of  industrial 
missions  would  be  sufficient  warrant  for  their  con- 
tinuance. And,  after  all,  what  is  social  that  is  not 
spiritual?  Cleaner  bodies,  better  homes,  greater  in- 
terdependence and  brotherhood,  more  skilled  hands, 
and  clearer  brains  lead  the  way  to  high  ideals  and 
spiritual  vision. 

Working  Their  Way  Through  School 

Related  to  the  social  and  economic  value  of  indus- 
trial missions  is  the  provision  thereby  made  for  great 
numbers  of  poor  boys  and  girls  to  furnish,  in  labor, 
the  equivalent  of  the  tuition  that  they  cannot  pay 
and  thus  get  an  education  which  they  otherwise  could 
not  afford. 

The  problem  and  the  manner  of  meeting  it  is  de- 
scribed by  C.  M.  Deal,  manager  of  the  industrial  de- 
partment of  the  Songdo  Higher  Common  School  in 
Chosen.  "  A  boy  who  has  reached  the  proper  age  to 
go  off  to  boarding-school  is  an  asset  to  the  family, 
and  it  is  just  as  difficult  to  spare  the  only  ox  as  the 
boy  from  home.  It  is  not  only  impossible  for  the 
average  young  man  to  pay  his  way  through  school, 


PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK  187 

but  it  is  very  difficult  to  leave  home  at  all  without 
sending  back  something  to  help  support  the  family. 
So  it  is  very  difficult  to  get  many  boarding  students 
into  our  school  without  either  paying  their  way  or 
providing  a  way  for  them  to  earn  it.  Formerly  we 
supported  these  students  with  scholarships  secured  in 
America.  During  four  years  we  spent  six  thousand 
dollars  in  this  way.  This  helped  about  fifty  boys  to 
stay  in  school,  but  many  of  these  were  no  better  off 
after  receiving  the  help  than  they  were  before,  because 
of  the  deleterious  effect  of  being  dependent  on  others 
and  getting  something  for  nothing.  Our  industrial 
department  is  doing  away  entirely  with  this  expense. 
It  is  helping  more  students  than  did  the  six  thousand 
dollars  spent  in  scholarships,  and  doing  it  without  the 
deleterious  effect  that  was  inherent  in  the  other  sys- 
tem. At  the  same  time,  the  education  secured  is  worth 
twice  as  much  to  them.  It  is  being  done  without  a  cent 
of  cost  to  the  Board  of  Missions.  To  illustrate  the 
difference  in  the  old  and  new  method,  from  an  eco- 
nomic or  efficiency  standpoint:  If  now  we  had  this 
sjx.  thousand  dollars  spent  in  scholarships  during  the 
period  of  four  years,  to  invest  in  our  industrial  de- 
partment, we  could  enable  not  only  fifty  students  for 
four  years,  but  from  sixty  to  one  hundred  students 
each  year  for  an  indefinite  period,  to  get  a  much  bet- 
ter education  than  they  were  formerly  receiving.  Not 
only  so,  but  at  any  time,  years  after  the  investment 
was  made,  its  economic  value  would  be  more  than  the 
original  investment." 


i88  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

Reaching  the  Heart  Through  the  Hands 

The  fifth  reason  and,  from  the  missionary  view- 
point, a  most  important  reason  for  industrial  mission 
work,  is  that  it  provides  an  opening  for  Christian 
teaching. 

There  are  many  people  who  cannot  easily  be  won 
by  approaching  them  directly  with  the  gospel  mes- 
sage. We  must  first,  in  the  words  of  Dr.  Grenfell, 
*'  do  something  for  them  that  they  will  understand." 
The  bloodthirsty  Moros,  for  example,  are  considered 
by  many  missionaries  as  a  people  who  can  best  be 
reached  by  the  industrial  appeal.  Bishop  Brent  states : 
*'  It  would  be  futile  at  this  juncture,  except  in  unusual 
circumstances,  to  preach  to  the  Moro.  The  history  of 
his  race  has  been  such  as  to  close  his  mind  to  Christian 
appeal.  We  must  live  our  Christianity  with  him.  The 
hospital,  the  school,  the  playground,  must  be  our  pul- 

pit." 

Much  of  the  success  of  the  great  mission  of  the 
American  Presbyterian  Church  at  Elat,  Africa,  is 
credited  to  the  industrial  features  which,  in  many  cases, 
have  opened  the  way  to  the  good-will  of  the  people. 
Sixteen  years  ago  there  was  no  church  there.  To-day 
there  are  nine  churches.  Eighteen  years  ago  there 
was  not  a  confessing  Christian.  To-day  there  are 
eight  thousand  church-members  in  regular  standing, 
and  more  than  twice  that  number  on  the  waiting  list! 
The  testimony  of  Elat  is,  that  from  the  standpoint 
of  church-membership,  industrial  missions  pay  a  thou- 
sand fold. 


The  adaptable  missionary  teaches  .stenography,  architecture, 
and  bookbinding,  where  they  are  needed,  but  among  the  broad 
pastures  of  Rhodesia  he  teaches  sheep-judging. 


PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK  189 

True  Christian  zeal,  of  the  consuming  kind,  can 
come  out  of  an  industrial  mission  school.  Tuting  and 
Riking  were  the  first  two  boys  converted  in  Silliman 
Institute  in  the  Philippines.  They  hurried  home,  dur- 
ing vacation,  to  tell  the  new  story  to  their  family. 
To-day,  in  their  town,  is  a  church  of  over  one  thousand 
mem.bers.  Christianity  has  spread  abroad  through  the 
valley  back  of  the  town  among  the  non-Christian 
tribes.  Ten  Sunday-schools  have  grown  up.  Indus- 
trial missions  opened  the  way. 

Another  student  of  Silliman  contracted  tuberculosis 
and  was  sent  up  to  an  island-plateau  to  regain  his 
health.  He  was  expected  to  rest  and  do  nothing.  But 
the  teaching  of  Silliman  made  him  see  on  that  plateau 
an  opportunity  in  the  face  of  which  he  could  not  rest. 
After  a  few  months  his  unceasing  labor  resulted  in 
his  death.  But  he  left  behind  him  forty  converts,  and 
the  church  which  he  left  there  has  been  growing  ever 
since. 

During  the  last  school  year  one  hundred  Silliman 
boys  were  converted.  Remember  that  this  is  avowedly 
an  industrial  school.  At  meetings  held  in  October  one 
hundred  and  fifty-eight  promised  to  serve  Christ. 
Twenty  to  thirty  boys  go  out  every  Sunday  to  hold 
meetings  in  the  towns  and  villages  throughout  that 
region.  After  working  all  the  week,  many  of  them 
walk  fourteen  miles  or  more  on  Sunday  to  preach  the 
gospel. 

Every  well-operated  industrial  mission  school  can 
tell  similar  stories.     The  training  of  the  hand  has 


190  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

proved  to  be  an  invaluable  approach  to  the  training  of 
heart  and  soul. 

The  Native  Who  Does  Not  Earn  Cannot  Give 

The  sixth  reason  is  a  very  vital  one  from  the  stand- 
point of  mission  policy.  Mission  churches  should  in 
time  become  self-supporting.  Americans  and  Euro- 
peans cannot  permanently  finance  the  churches  on  the 
mission  field.  But  these  churches  can  never  become 
self-supporting  so  long  as  their  members  are  too  poor 
to  assume  the  responsibility  for  church  expenses.  In- 
dustrial missions  step  in  at  this  point  and,  by  equipping 
the  native  with  the  ability  to  earn  a  fair  living  wage 
and  contribute  adequately  to  his  church,  the  self- 
support  of  mission  churches  is  made  possible,  thus 
liberating  the  funds  of  the  mission  boards  to  be  used 
in  the  development  of  new  work. 

That  this  actually  happens  may  be  seen  by  the  ex- 
periment in  Cameroun,  where,  in  1904,  the  Mission 
Board  was  practically  supporting  the  entire  work. 
"  In  that  year  a  secretary  visited  the  field,  and  as  a 
result  the  native  church  agreed  to  a  yearly  ten  per  cent. 
reduction  in  the  Board's  appropriation,  with  the  un- 
derstanding that  the  native  church  would  increase  its 
offerings  by  that  amount  until  it  became  self-support- 
ing. The  mission  did  its  part  and  at  the  end  of  the 
probation  period  had  accomplished  its  purpose.  The 
secretary  showed  a  schedule  for  Cameroun  and  pointed 
to  a  school,  the  annual  expenses  of  which  were  two 
thousand   dollars;   nineteen  hundred   dollars   of   this 


PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK  191 

was  provided  by  the  people  themselves.  A  very  im- 
portant factor  in  this,  however,  was  the  introduction 
of  industrial  schools  which  trained  the  native  to  work 
and  gave  him  the  opportunity  to  became  a  revenue- 
producing  agent."  ^ 

A  most  fascinating  account  of  how  a  helpless  and 
dependent  people  were  lifted  to  the  ability  to  support 
themselves  and  their  church  is  told  by  F.  W.  Walker, 
of  New  Guinea,  who  has  been  in  charge  of  the  re- 
markable mission  organization,  the  Papuan  Industries, 
Limited. 

"  As  I  had  only  just  arrived  from  a  district  where 
a  totally  different  language  was  spoken,  I  was  com- 
pelled to  speak  to  them  in  *  pidgin '  English,  with 
which  they  are  familiar  in  these  islands. 

"  Thumbing  the  Bible  before  me  in  orthodox  style, 
I  said : '  This  book  he  speaka,  suppose  a  f  ellar  no  work, 
no  catch  him  kaikai  (food)  for  wife  and  picaninny 
belonga  him,  God  angry  longa  that  fellar,  all  same 
fellar  no  go  church,  no  belieb  about  God.'  Continu- 
ing, I  said :  *  You  people  alonga  this  place  you  think 
you  good  fellar,  you  think  God  berry  glad  longa  this 
island,  cos  you  kum  alonga  church  all  de  time,  sing  an* 
pray  plenty.  God  not  glad  alonga  you;  He  very 
angry.  What  for?  'Cos  wife  and  picaninny  belonga 
you  he  hungry,  he  cry,  cry,  cry  all  de  time.  You  big, 
strong  man  here  too  much  lazy,  you  no  work,  an'  this 
book  he  speaka  suppose  a  fellar  no  work,  no  catch  'im 
kaikai  for  wife  and  picaninny  belonga  'im,  God  angry 

^  Spirit  of  Missions,  September  igis,  p.  606. 


192  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

longa  that  fellar  all  same  f ellar  no  go  church  and  no 
belieb  about  God.'  " 

Idleness  Rusts  a  Knife — Why  Not  a  Man? 

Then,  as  Mr.  Walker  relates,  taking  his  knife  out 
of  his  pocket,  he  held  it  up  before  them  and  said: 
"  You  look  this  knife.  White  man  he  make  'im. 
What  for  he  make  'im?  To  lie  down  all  de  time,  do 
nothing?  No!  White  man  make  knife  for  work, 
for  to  do  something.  Suppose  he  work,  he  keep  good. 
Suppose  he  no  work,  one  year,  two  year,  three  year, 
by-um-bye  you  look  that  knife.  He  no  more  good; 
he  all  rusty;  spoilt  altogether.  All  same  man.  God 
make  you  fellar;  He  gib  you  strong  body.  What  for? 
To  sleep  all  de  time  ?  No !  For  work.  Suppose  you 
work,  you  keep  good.  Suppose  you  no  work — ^^you 
too  much  lazy — by-um-bye  you  all  same  knife;  rusty; 
spoilt  altogether.     Strong  belonga  you  he  finish. 

''  God  been  put  in  de  water  all  round  this  island 
plenty  pearl-shell,  plenty  tortoise-shell,  plenty  beche- 
de-mer  (an  edible  sea-slug  for  which  a  great  demand 
exists  in  China).  He  gib  arm,  leg,  belonga  you  go 
swim  an'  get  'im.  What  for  you  no  get  a  boat  (ves- 
sel), an'  get  plenty  thing  stop  alonga  salt  water? 
Then  you  go  sell  'im  longa  Thursday  Island;  get 
plenty  money;  buy  flour,  rice,  biscuit,  tin-a-meat. 
Wife,  picaninny  belonga  you  no  more  hungry,  no  more 
cry,  altogether  fellar  kum  alonga  church,  sing  an'  pray 
an'   thank  God,  that  proper   fashion." 

After  the  service  was  over  Mr.  Walker  went  to  the 


PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK  193 

mission-house  and  he  had  not  been  there  many  min- 
utes when  there  was  a  knock  at  the  door,  and  when 
he  opened  it  he  found  a  great  crowd — all  the  men  of 
the  congregation  in  fact — gathered  there.  The  man 
who  had  knocked  at  the  door,  and  who  was  standing 
a  little  in  front  of  the  others,  said :  "  Master,  all  f ellar 
here  want  to  have  a  yarn  alonga  you  'bout  that  talk 
you  been  make  in  de  church." 

Pleased  to  find  that  his  words  had  evidently  made 
an  impression  upon  them,  Mr.  Walker  invited  them 
to  come  in.  They  filled  the  small  room,  and  many 
had  to  remain  outside,  crowding  round  the  door  and 
every  available  window. 

The  White  Man  Cries,  ''More,  More,  More!" 

When  they  had  all  settled  in  their  places  the  spokes- 
man stood  up,  and  very  respectfully  addressed  Mr. 
,Walker.  He  said :  "  Master,  you  speaka  this  morning, 
you  say :  *  What  for  me  f ellar  no  get  a  boat,  no  go 
work  for  kaikai  for  wife  and  picaninny,  belonga  me 
fellar?'  Master,  all  f ellar  this  island  like  to  get  a 
boat  an'  work.  Can't  do  that.  Three  fellar  been  try. 
First  one  fellar  he  go  alonga  storekeeper.  He  say: 
'  Storekeeper,  suppose  me  work;  get  plenty  pearl-shell 
for  you;  you  gib  me  boat?'  Storekeeper  say:  *  Yes, 
suppose  you  work  proper,  me  gib  you  boat.'  That 
fellar  he  say :  '  Me  work  proper,  Master.'  So  store- 
keeper he  gib  'im  boat.  That  fellar  he  work  good. 
'Plenty  brudder  an'  friend  belonga  'im  he  help  'im. 
'Altogether  man  he  work  longa  time,  get  plenty  shell. 


194  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

He  take  'im  longa  storekeeper,  he  say :  *  Master,  you 
look!  Plenty  shell;  enuff  pay  for  that  boat,  eh?' 
Storekeeper,  he  look,  he  say :  *  No !  You  go  get  more.' 
Altogether  man  he  go  work  again,  longa  time.  By- 
um-bye  he  get  plenty  shell  again.  He  take  'im  longa 
storekeeper.  He  say :  '  Enuff  now  pay  for  that  boat. 
Master?  That  boat  not  a  good  boat.  Master.'  All 
same  white  man  chuck  away.  White  man  no  like  gib 
good  boat  longa  native.  Well,  that  storekeeper  he 
look  that  shell,  he  say:  '  No,  not  enuff  yet;  you  go  get 
more.'  All  de  time  like  that — '  More !  More !  More ! ' 
White  man  never  finish  make  that  talk.  By-um-bye 
that  native  he  tired.  He  say :  *  No  good  work  for 
white  man.  He  make  fool  o'  me  all  de  time.  He  too 
much  gammon.  More!  More!  More!  That  talk 
never  finish.'  By-um-bye  he  sat  down.  No  more 
work,  and  that  white  man  get  wild,  seize  de  boat,  an' 
native  lose  everything.  Anudder  man  he  try.  All  de 
same.  *  More !  More !  More ! '  White  man  never 
finish  that  talk,  an'  by-um-bye  he  lose  everything.  All 
same  nudder  fellar.  One  more  fellar  he  try;  he  think 
might  be  he  can  finish  pay.  No  fear!  He  all  same. 
Now  all  man  this  island  he  say :  '  No  good  work  for 
white  man.  Too  much  he  make  a  fool  o'  me  fellar, 
more  better  sit  down  do  nothing.'  " 

Mr.  Walker  says  that  he  realized  at  once  that  what 
was  required  was  not  sermons  but  practical  help.  A 
sermon  was  of  as  little  use  as  a  discourse  on  ''  The 
Proper  Place  of  Man  "  to  a  lot  of  poor  fellows  floun- 
dering in  a  bog.     What  was  clearly  needed  was  a 


PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK  195 

friendly  hand  to  help  them  out  of  their  difficulty.  "  Is 
not  this  the  fast  (or  service)  that  I  have  chosen;  to 
loose  the  bonds  of  wickedness,  and  to  let  the  oppressed 
go  free,  and  that  ye  break  every  yoke?"  was  im- 
pressed upon  him.  Accordingly  he  resolved  to  secure 
a  boat  for  them,  as  he  had  a  little  money  of  his  own 
available  at  the  time. 

Like  Pilgrims  of  Old,  They  First  Built  a  Church 

Mr.  Walker  purchased  a  suitable  boat,  and  arranged 
with  the  resident  magistrate  at  Thursday  Island,  the 
Hon.  John  Douglas,  C.M.G.,  who  took  a  deep  interest 
in  the  matter,  to  pass  the  whole  business  connected 
with  the  purchase  of  a  boat  by  him,  and  the  subse- 
quent payment  by  the  natives,  through  his  hands. 
Every  one  said  that  he  was  very  foolish  to  risk  his 
money.  They  said  the  natives  were  lazy  and  good 
for  nothing,  and  would  never  work  to  pay  off  the 
debt,  and  so  on.  However,  to  the  amazement  of  all 
who  had  seen  them  under  the  old  conditions,  inspired 
by  new  hope  and  confidence  they  worked  with  an  en- 
ergy such  as  no  one  previously  had  believed  them  to 
be  capable  of,  and  in  eighteen  months  the  liability  of 
one  hundred  and  twenty  pounds  was  completely  paid 
off,  and  they  were  well  on  their  feet.  At  the  end  of 
that  time  they  had  the  good  fortune  to  discover  a  large 
number  of  ingots  of  copper,  supposed  by  Mr.  Douglas 
to  have  been  jettisoned  from  some  old  Portuguese  ex- 
ploring ship  hundreds  of  years  ago.  Mr.  Douglas 
negotiated  the  sale  of  this  copper,  and  obtained  the 


196  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

sum  of  six  hundred  pounds  hard  cash  for  it.  The  first 
act  of  the  natives  after  receiving  this  was  to  vote  over 
three  hundred  pounds  of  it  to  the  building  of  a  beau- 
tiful and  substantial  church,  which  stands  on  their 
island  to-day  as  a  mark  of  their  gratitude  to  God  for 
the  prosperity  which  had  come  to  them  as  the  result  of 
a  little  practical  Christian  help.  The  contributions  of 
these  people  to  the  London  Missionary  Society,  which 
previously  had  only  been  a  few  pounds,  amounted  in 
1904  to  two  hundred  and  seven  pounds  for  the  one 
year.  In  other  words,  they  are  now  practically  a  self- 
supporting  Christian  community. 

The  betterment  of  industrial  conditions  may  not  be 
the  quickest  method,  but  it  is  the  soundest  and  most 
enduring  method  of  making  possible  a  self-support- 
ing and  self-respecting  Christian  church. 

A  Church  That  Knows  No  Classes 

The  final  tremendous  argument  for  industrial  mis- 
sions is  that  they  will  help  to  prevent  the  formation  of 
that  gulf  between  the  laboring  class  and  the  church 
which  is  found  so  often  in  certain  Western  countries. 
The  missionaries  are  alive  to  such  a  peril,  and  much 
of  the  advocacy  of  industrial  missions  is  on  this  score. 
''  The  experience  of  the  church  in  the  West  in  rela- 
tion to  the  employed  classes,"  writes  J.  Merle  Davis 
from  Japan,  **  need  not  and  should  not  be  repeated  in 
the  Far  East.  In  America  and  in  England  and  in  the' 
continent  of  Europe,  through  the  inadequate  occupation 
of  the  industrial  field  by  the  Christian  forces  in  the 


PUTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK  197 

early  stages  of  development,  there  has  grown  a  deep 
and  almost  uncrossable  gulf  between  the  laboring  man 
and  the  church  of  Christ.  The  impression  has  been 
fixed  among  the  working  classes  that  the  church  is 
the  property  and  the  privilege  of  invested  capital  and 
of  the  employer  class;  that  Christianity,  as  expressed 
in  the  great  city  churches  and  their  varied  institutions, 
has  nothing  to  do  with  the  man  who  works."  ^ 

A  very  clear  and  practical  example  of  just  how 
Christianity  may  influence  and  mold  a  national  indus- 
try is  presented  by  Joseph  Bailie  in  his  account  of  the 
Commercial  Press  of  Shanghai.  "  Three  compositors 
in  the  Presbyterian  Mission  Press,  one  named  Hsia, 
and  two  named  Bao,  took  it  into  their  heads  in  the 
year  1891  to  open  a  printing  place  of  their  own.  They 
began  in  a  little  room  of  about  twelve  feet  by  twelve, 
doing  their  own  work.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the 
Commercial  Press,  a  firm  that  now  sells  about  two 
million  dollars'  worth  of  its  own  printed  material  every 
year.  The  whole  is  conducted  on  Christian  principles. 
Day  schools  are  provided  for  the  children  of  the  em- 
ployees and  night  schools  for  the  employees  them- 
selves. No  philanthropic  cause  in  Shanghai  lacks  the 
support  of  the  Commercial  Press.  Here  is  Christian- 
ity of  the  real  leavening  type. 

The  Imprint  of  Christianity  upon  Industry 

"  A  great  many  people  objected  that  running  a  busi- 
ness concern  like  the  Presbyterian  Mission  Press  ought 
^  The  Christian  Movement  in  the  Japanese  Empire,  1917,  p. 

2Q2. 


198  ANCIENT  PEOPLES  AT  NEW  TASKS 

to  be  left  for  outsiders,  and  that  the  duty  of  the  mis- 
sionary was  to  preach  the  gospel.  But  the  printing 
business  of  China  has  now  the  stamp  of  Christianity 
upon  it,  and  its  influence  for  good  is  incalculable.  Can 
we  not  get  hold  of  the  other  industries  by  selecting 
common-sense  Christian  tanners,  hat  makers,  dyers, 
spinners,  and  others,  who  will  come  out  and  live  clean, 
honest  lives  as  missionaries?  It  is  not  necessary  to 
preach;  the  whole  life  will  be  a  sermon.  .  .  .  Can 
we  not  get  men  to  go  out  to  begin  such  industries  who 
are  not  only  excellent,  each  in  his  own  line,  but  who 
will  stamp  their  Christian  characters  on  their  em- 
ployees? If  steel  plants,  spinning  mills,  weaving  fac- 
tories, tanneries,  factories  for  making  hats,  and  other 
industrial  enterprises  were  founded  by  men  who  felt 
their  responsibilities  to  live  in  Christ,  we  would  have 
the  stamp  of  our  Master  put  not  only  on  the  workmen 
but  also  on  the  capitalists." 

The  shoemakers  and  printers  and  bricklayers  and 
machinists  of  the  world  need  the  fellowship  of  the  Car- 
penter of  Nazareth.  They  must  have  it.  The  Chris- 
tian church  must  give  it  to  them.  We  have  been  in 
our  high  pulpit  in  the  cathedral,  preaching  Christ  as 
the  King  of  kings.  We  have  not  had  much  to  say 
of  him  as  a  laboring  man.  And  when  "  the  working 
classes  "  began  to  swarm  in  the  vicinity  of  our  church, 
we  have  moved  our  church  up-town.  All  that  must  be 
changed.  The  great  errand  of  the  Christian  church 
throughout  the  world  to-day  is  to  bear  a  definite 
message  of  hope  and  help  to  the  world's  workers. 


J'UTTING  THE  WORLD  TO  WORK  199 

The  gospel  of  the  cross  and  the  gospel  of  the  plow 
cannot  longer  remain  two  separate  gospels.  They 
must  become  one. 

The  name  of  Christ  must  be  stamped  on  every 
trowel  and  chisel,  lathe  and  loom,  so  that  every  man 
who  labors  shall  realize  that  the  tools  in  his  hand  are 
sacred,  and  the  work  he  is  doing  divine. 


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Neely,  Thomas  B.  South  America:  Its  Missionary  Problems, 
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Speer,  Robert  E.  The  Unity  of  the  Americas.  1916.  Missionary 
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Stuntz,  Homer  C.  South  American  Neighbors.  1916.  Mission- 
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Winter,  Nevin  O.  Argentina  and  Her  Country  of  To-day.  191 1. 
L.  C.  Page  Company,  Boston.    $3.00. 

JAPAN 

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Movement,  New  York.    $1.25. 
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New  York.    $1.50. 
De  Forest,  John  H.     Sunrise  in  the  Sunrise  Kingdom.     1909. 

Missionary  Education  Movement,  New  York.    60  cents. 
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Noss,  Christopher.    Tohoku,  the  Scotland  of  Japan.    1918.    Board 

of  Foreign  Missions,  Reformed  Church  in  the  United  States, 

Philadelphia.    60  cents. 
Okuma,  Count  Shigenobu.     Fifty  Years  of  New  Japan.     1910. 

E.  P.  Button  &  Co.,  New  York.    2  vols.    $7.50. 
Pooley,  A.  M.    Japan  at  the  Cross  Roads.    1917.    Dodd,  Mead 

&  Co.,  New  York.    $3.50. 
Porter,  Robert  P.    Japan,  The  Rise  of  a  Modem  Power.    1918. 

Oxford  University  Press,  New  York.    $2.25. 

2QO 


BIBLIOGRAPHY  201 

CHINA 

China  Mission  Year  Book.  1917.  Missionary  Education  Move- 
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Denby,  Charles.  China  and  Her  People.  1906.  L.  C.  Page  Com- 
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Pott,  G.  L.  Hawkes.  The  Emergency  in  China.  1913.  Mission- 
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Ross,  Edward  A.  The  Changing  Chinese.  191 1.  Century  Com- 
pany, New  York.    $2.40. 

Smith,  Arthur  H.  The  Uplift  of  China.  191 2.  Missionary  Edu- 
cation Movement,  New  York.    60  cents. 

THE  PHILIPPINES 

Crow,    Carl.    America  and   the   Philippines.    1914.    Doubleday,, 

Page  &  Co.,  New  York.    $2.00. 
Worcester,  Dean  C.     The  Philippines,  Past  and  Present.     1914^ 

Macmillan  Company,  New  York.    2  vols.    $6.00. 

INDIA 

Clough,  John  E.  Social  Christianity  in  the  Orient.  1914.  Mac- 
millan Company,  New  York.    $1.50. 

Curtis,  William  Eleroy.  Modern  India.  1905.  Fleming  H. 
Revell  Co.,  New  York.    $2.00. 

Eddy,  Sherwood.  India  Awakening.  191 1.  Missionary  Educa- 
tion Movement,  New  York.    60  cents. 

Elwin,  E.  Y.  India  and  Indians.  1913.  John  Murray,  London, 
England.    los.  6d. 

Eraser,  Sir  Andrew.  Among  Indian  Rajahs  and  Ryots.  IQ12. 
J.  B.  Lippincott  Co.,  New  York.    $4.00. 

Loveday,  A.  The  History  and  Economics  of  Indian  Famines.. 
1914.    G.  Bell  and  Sons,  London,  England.    2s.  6d. 

Macdonald,  J.  Ramsay.  The  Awakening  of  India.  1910.  George 
H.  Doran  Co.,  New  York.    $1.50. 

Morison,  Theodore.  The  Economic  Transition  in  India.  191 1. 
John  Murray,  London,  England.    5s. 

Mukerjee,  Radhakamal.  The  Foundations  of  Indian  Economics^ 
1916.    Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  New  York.    $3.00. 

SOUTH  AFRICA 

Sryce,    James.    Impressions    of    South    Africa.    1900.     Century 

Company,  New  York.     $3.50. 
Du  Plessis,  J.    A  History  of  Christian  Missions  in  South  Africa. 

191 1.     Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  New  York.    $3.50. 
Evans,  Maurice  S.    Black  and  White  in  South  East  Africa.    191 1. 

Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  New  York.    $2.25. 


2oa  BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Kidd,  Dudley.  The  Essential  Kaffir.  1904-  Macmillan  Com- 
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Loram,  Charles  Y.  The  Education  of  the  South  African  Native. 
1917.    Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  New  York.    $2.00. 

MacKenzie,  W.  Douglass.  John  Mackenzie.  1902.  A.  C.  Arm- 
strong and  Son,  New  York.    $2,00. 

Markham,  Violet  R.  The  South  African  Scene.  1913.  Smith, 
Elder  &  Co.,  London.     7s.  6d. 

Patton,  Cornelius  H.  The  Lure  of  Africa.  1917.  Missionary 
Education  Movement,  New  York.    60  cents. 

Powell,  E.  Alexander.  The  Last  Frontier.  1912.  Charles  Scrib- 
ner's  Sons,  New  York.    $1.50. 

Springer,  John  M,  The  Heart  of  Central  Africa.  1909.  Meth- 
odist Book  Concern,  New  York.    $1.00. 

Taylor,  S.  Earl.  The  Price  of  Africa.  1902.  Missionary  Educa- 
tion Movement,  New  York.     60  cents. 

Wells,  James.  Stewart  of  Lovedale.  1909.  Fleming  H.  Revell 
Co.,  New  York.    $1.50. 

GENERAL 

Burton,   Margaret  E.     Women   Workers  of  the  Orient.    1918. 

The  Central  Committee  on  the  United  Study  of  Missions,  New 

Medford,  Mass.     42  cents. 
Dennis,  James  S.     Christian  Missions  ayid  Social  Progress.    Vol. 

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New  York.    $2.50. 
Faunce,  W.   H.    P.     The  Social  Aspects   of  Foreign  Missions. 

1914.    Missionary  Education  Movement,  New  York    60  cents. 
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the  East.     1917.    Longmans,  Green  &  Co.,  New  York.    $1.75. 
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Company,  New  York.    $1.25. 


INDEX 


Africa's  challenge,  168 

Agriculture,  in  India,   119,   122,   134- 

139;  in  the  Philippines,   100-103 
Aguinaldo,  General,  referred  to,  179 
Agusan,   Philippine  district,   105 
Ahearn,   Major,   Director  of  Bureau 

of  Forestry  of  the  Philippines,   79 
Alaska     mission     development     with 

reindeer,    184 
Allahabad  Christian   College,    132 
Amanzimtoti  Institute,  Natal,  165 
Ambition     of     the     young     Spanish 

American,   4 
American  Bible  Society  in  Brazil,  27 
American      Board      in      Matsuyama, 

Japan,    54 
American,   cooperation  in   Chile,   20; 

farming    methods    in     the     Philip- 
pines,  104;  missionary  task  in  the 

Philippines,    108,    109 
American   Deccan   Institute,   Ahmed- 

nagar,  India,   181 
American  Federation  of  Labor,  53 
American    Indian    women    quickened 

by  lace-making,  185 
American  Institute  in  La  Paz,  21-24 
Anglo-Mexican     Products     Company 

in  welfare  work,  28 
Anhwei  province,  China,  65,  86 
Anti-tuberculosis  Association  of  For- 
eigners in  Japan,  55 
Araucanians,  9 
Arbor  Day,  in  China,  78,  86;  in  the 

Philippines,    106 
Arequipa,  Peru,  slavery,  7;  work  of 

Foster's  Qub,  25 
Argentina,  work  and  workers  in,   10 
Armour's  packing  industry  and  labor 

welfare,    14 
Automatic      forest      protection      in 

China,    77 


B 

Baguio,  Sagada,  mission  school  work, 
III 

Bailie,  Joseph,  in  Nanking  Univer- 
sity, 67;  inspirations  and  results, 
69-90;  quoted,  197,  198;  work  ap- 
preciated by  Chinese  government, 
83 

Bamboo  as  currency,  66 


Baptism,  former,  by  force  in  the 
Philippines,   109,   no 

Baptist  Institutional  Church  work 
in  Tokyo,  Japan,  54 

Barsi,  India,  Congregational  work, 
129 

Basel  Industrial  Mission,  South  In- 
dia,   132,    180 

Batanga,  Africa,   178 

Big  profits  in  Japan,  38 

Bilibid  prison  in  Manila,  107 

Bolivia,  Indians  of,  3;  present  trade 
and  possible  manufactures,  24 

Boomeranging    of    evil,    4 

Boys'  Boarding  and  Day  School, 
Sholapur,  India,   180 

Braden  Copper  Company,  15-21 

Brazil,  American  Bible  Society  in, 
27;  work  and  workers,    10 

Brent,  Bishop,  quoted,  188;  referred 
to,    112 

Brideman,  Rev.  Frederick  B.  evan- 
gelist, 162;  quoted  on  African 
needs  and  work,  158,  162;  sani- 
tary inspector,   158 

Brutal  slave  owners,  7 

Budo,  West  Africa,   178 

Buenos  Aires,  commercial  training, 
institutional  church,  and  Salva- 
tion  Army   work   in,    26 

Bunji,    Mr.    Suzuki,    of  Japan,    53 

Burial  system  in  China,   73,   74 

Bushbuck  Ridge,  Johannesburg,   164 


Cameroun,  governor's  visit  to  Elat 
Mission,  173-175;  self-supporting 
movement,    190,   191 

Canadian  Methodist  work  in  Japan, 

54 

Celluloid  dust  peril,  46 

Census  Report,  India,  191 1,  quoted 
on  irrigation  results,  124 

Central  Luzon  Agricultural  School, 
101 

Character  among  native  peoples  de- 
veloped by  industry,   176,  180,   181 

Cerro  de  Pasco  Mining  Company, 
methods  of  and  results,  12,  13 

Chang  Chien,  his  excellency,  at 
Purple  Mountain,  78 

Cheap  labor,  49-51.   ^37 

Chicken  industry  for  India,   125 

Child  slavery,  7 


203 


204 


INDEX 


Chile,    employers'    liability    law,    ii; 

Indians,    8;    native    workmen,    20 
China,     building     lumber     imported, 

66;    demand    for    fuel,    66;    school 

of     forestry     opened,     79;     study 

course,  82;  toilers,  61 
China's    Young   Men,    quoted,    73 
Chinese      Colonization      Association 

work,  70-74  ^    ,  , 

Chinese    newspaper    quoted    on    tor- 

estry  training,  80,  81 
Ching  Ming,  Chinese  holiday,  78 
Cholos.  the,   12 
Christ.     See  Jesus  Christ 
Christian  life  in  industries,  26 
Christian  work,  in  Japan,  54;  in  the 

Philippines,      109;      lifts      Indian 

women,    130 
Christianity  in  India,  up 
Chuquicamata,  Chile,  mine  workers, 

Chung  Ren  Chang,  or  Guild  of 
Mercy,  Chinese  relief  agency,  68 

Church  built  by  natives  of  New 
Guinea,    196  , 

Church  Missionary  Society  work  in 
Osaka,  Japan,  54  ^      ,.,         , 

Church  to  come  into  the  life  of 
the  world's  workers,   i77»    196-199 

Churchill,  Mr.,  of  India,  referred  to, 
181  ,      „     . 

Civilization,  the  white  man  s,  8 ;  m 
Africa,  167,  168;  in  the  Philip- 
pines, 93-97., 

Coal-mine  perils,  46 

Colley,  Mr.,  referred  to,  17 

Commercial  Press,  the,  Shanghai, 
197 

Compounds  of  Africa  diamond 
mines,   154,   I57-I59 

Confidence  worth  securing,  21 

Congo  Evangelical  Training  Institu- 
tion,  183 

Converts  spreading  the  gospel,  189 

Cooperation  between  business  and 
missions.   21 

Cooperative  credit  societies  among 
India  farmers,   123 

Copper    ingots    found,    195 

Corn-growing  and  contests,  in  In- 
dia, 135;  in  the  Philippines,  104, 
10s 

Cost  of  living  in  South  America,  9. 

ID 

Criminal  tribes  in  India,  127,  128; 
missionary  work  among,    129,    130 


Bart,     F.     Stanley,     of     Rhodesia, 

quoted,   182 
Davas  district,  Mindanao,  Protestant 

missionaries   at   work   in,    no 
Dawes,  Senator,  quoted,  185 
Deal,  C.  M.,  of  Chosen,  quoted,  186 


Deforested  mountains  a  menace,  63- 

6s  ,  .    . 

Democracy      comes      from      mission 

work,   21.   24,    135 
Dense  population  in  China,  66 
Diamond  mines,  output  of  African, 

152 
Diet  of  Brazil  school  children,  28 
Dignity  of   labor  established   by   in- 
dustrial missions,  176-179 
Dormitories,  successful  mission  work 

in  high  school,    113,    114 
Douglas,  Hon.  John,  referred  to,  195 
Du   Pont  Powder  Company,  welfare 

methods,   14 
Dutt,     Harry,     Indian     Agricultural 

student,  140,  141 


Elat,  West  Africa,  industrial  work, 
173-175.  188 

Elliot,  Sir  C.  A.,  quoted,  120 

Episcopal  Board  of  Mission  work  in 
Kumazaya,  Japan,  54 

Eskimos  helped  by  industrial  mis- 
sions,  184 

Etah   area,   India,   chicken   industry, 

Evangelistic  work  in  an  African 
compound,  162;  results,  163,  164 

Ewing  Christian  College,  132 

Ewing,  Dr.  Arthur  H,,  referred  t«, 
132 

Experimental  farms  in  British  In- 
dia,   132 


Factory  conditions  in   Japan,   41 
Fairs  in  the  Philippines,   104 
Famine    prevention    methods,    69  ^ 
Famine   Relief  Committee  in   China, 

79 
Farm   and   other   wages   in   Chile,   9 
Faunce,    President    W.    H.    P.,    re- 
ferred to,   177 
Faucett,  Rev.    R.   I.,   quoted,    122 
Filipino   farmers  and  poets,   93,    95; 

plane  of  living,  96 
Fezi,   story  of.    164 
Fisher,  Galen  M.,  quoted,  42 
Flood-born  disaster  in  China,   65 
Food  problem  in  China,  62 
Ford,  Henry,   quoted.    185 
Forestry     experts     in     training     in 
China,    79,    80.      See    also    Refor- 
estation work  in  China 
Forga  and  Company,  25 
Formosa,  example  of  adaptation,  172 
Foster,  Mr.,  Arequipa    club  planned 

by,  25 
Fuji  Tea  Company,  56 
Fukuin   Printing  Company,   56 


INDEX 


205 


German       Evangelical       Association 

work  in  Tokyo,  Japan,  54 
Glass-blowing  perils,  46 
Gorgas,      Surgeon-Cfeneral      W.      C, 

quoted  on  sanitation  at  the  Rand, 

154 
Government   schools   in   Manila,    113 
Graham,   Mr.,   referred  to,    17 
Graves,  question  of,  in  China,   71-74 
Grenfell    of    Labrador,    quoted,    32, 

188 
Griffin,    Mr.    Don    W.,    in    Gwalior, 

141 
Gujranwala,   India,  171 
Guayaquil,  Ecuador,  sanitation  work 

in,    13 

H 

"  Hampton  of  Natal,  the,"   165 

Hand-clasp,    the,    33 

Han   river,   64 

Hatano,  Mr.,  successes  of,  56,  57 

Hemp  grown  in  the  Philippines,  104 

Higginbottom.  Mr.  Sam,  at  Al- 
lahabad, 132-146;  in  agriculture, 
134;  quoted,   144 

Hollister,   Rev.   W.   H.,   referred  to, 

Homma,  Mr.,  Christian  employer  in 

Japan,  56 
Honest    work    better    than    alms,    75 
Honors    paid    to    Mr.    Higginbottom 

in    India,    141-144 
"  Hooker,"  the  methods  of  the,  5,  6 
Hunger   in    India,    120;    farming   to 

cure,   122 
Hungry  land,  a,  62 
Hwangho  river,   64 


46;  subjects  taught,    176;   training 

in    the    Philippines,    107;    workers 

developed,  12-26,  33,  55-57,  70,  71, 

79-81,   90,    101-107,    135,    136,    171- 

179 
Industries,     made     popular     in     the 

Philippnes,   101-103;  seven  reasons 

for  use  of,   176,   177 
Ingenious  smuggling  of  liquor  at  the 

Braden   mines,    18,    19 
Instituto  Ingles,   Santiago,  26 
Irrigation,  in  Africa  at  Old  Umtali, 

172;   in   India,    124 
Ito.    Tamekichi,    Japanese    Christian, 

55 


Japan,  Amercan  Board,  54;  anti- 
tuberculosis association  of  for- 
eigners, 55;  Canadian  Methodist 
work,  54;  factory  conditions,  41- 
45;  law,  52;  government's  atti- 
tude, 53,  58;  the  new,  49;  work 
of  Christian  employers,  56 
Japan  Weekly  Mail,  quoted,  40 
Japan's   Laborers'   Friendly    Society, 

53 
Jaro  Industrial  School,  iii,  172 
Jesus  Christ,  30,  177,  198,  199 
J.     G.     White    Company,     sanitation 

work,   13 
Jodhpur's  Maharaja,    142 
Johannesburg,     Africa,     149;     kraal 
life,  150;  life  in  diamond  and  gold 
mines,    152-160;    mission    societies' 
work,   160;  social  service  and  gos- 
pel  work,    161,    162 
Johnston,  Mr.,  referred  to,   175 
Jumna  Farm,  Allahabad,  India,   141 


Ifuago  wild  man's  hip  bag,    106 
Ignorance  and  alcohol,  effects  of,   3 
"  Igorot  Exchange,"  work  of,   112 
Igorots,   the,   96,    102,    112 
Ilocano  man's  sacrifice,   115 
Implements    of    West    a    puzzle    to 

Orientals,   98,    103,   104 
Incas  and  Indians  of  Peru  and  Bo- 
livia, 3;  the  Indian  farmer,  4 
India,     Christianity     in,     119,     121; 
inherited    debts    and    the    farmers, 
122,    123;    irrigation    canals,    124; 
mass    movement,     120,     121;     Re- 
search  Institute  work,    122;   study 
of     agriculture,     135;     unrest    ex- 
plained,   177 
Industrial,   ability   and   Christian   in- 
tegrity  the  aim   of   mission   effort, 
III,    176,    1 80,    181;   enterprises  in 
Japan,     56;    missions    can    impart 
evangelizing  zeal,  188,  189;  perils. 


Kambini,    Africa,    fruits    and    other 

products,  173 
Kanegafuchi       Spinning       Company, 

Japan,   56 
Kavali,     India,     Baptist    work    with 

criminal   tribe,    129,    130 
Kiangsi   province,    north    China,    65, 

87 
Kidnaping     in     Japan,     for     factory 

labor,    40 
Knight,   Rev.   A.   B.,  at  Poona  agri- 
cultural college,    132 
Kolar,  India,  Rev.  W.  H.  Hollister's 

work,    131 
Kraal  life,  150 


Labor   legislation   needed   for    South 

America,   33 
Laborers'       Friendly       Society       of 


Japan,    53 


2o6 


INDEX 


Labrador  missions  helping  the  Eski- 
mos, 184 

Lace-making  develops  character,  180, 
i8s 

Lai  An  Hsien,  China,  agricultural 
work,    74,    75  .         .  t       • 

La  Paz,  Bolivia,  5;  American  Insti- 
tute, 21-24 

Leaky  pail  simile,  68 

Leper  Asylum  at  Allahabad,  132-134 

Levees  and  dikes  in  China,  64 

Lion  Dentifrice  Company,  in  Japan, 

56  .      , 

Literacy   in   Japan,    51 
London  Missionary   Society,    196 
Lotus  Lake,  China,  transformed  un- 
der difficulties,  76 
Lovedale,   Cape  Colony,    183 
Low-caste  troubles  in  India,  144 
Lyallpur     district,     in     the     Punjab, 
irrigated,  124 


M 

Maharaja,  of  Bikaner,  142;  of  Gwa- 

lior.    141        ^.  .                     ,  J 

Manila,  conditions,  work,  and 
wages,  97,  98,  99;  government 
schools,    113                  .     1-.    , 

Mass  movement,   119;  in  Etah  area, 

Massachusetts  Agricultural  College 
graduate  at  Poona,  India,  132 

Massage  as  a  mission  industry,   172 

Menace  of  deforested  mountains,  63- 
6s  .    . 

Mexico  needs  industrial  missions, 
185,  186  ,       .    . 

Methodist  Episcopal  mission,  south- 
east Africa,    173 

Mindanao,  mission  school,  in; 
wild    tribes,    114  . 

Mine  workers,  in  Africa,  152-160; 
in   South   America,    14-16 

Mining  in  the  Andes,  15;  under- 
ground offices,   16 

Mission,  aim  of  schools,  in;  prob- 
lem of  the  Philippines,  94,  95; 
work  in  Africa,  160,  161 

"  Missionaries  in   feathers,"    125-127 

Missions  and  mission  schools  in  Bo- 
livia,  21-24 

Moros,  the,  attracted  by  American 
farming  tools,  104;  reached  by  in- 
dustrial  appeal,    188 

Morris,  Mr.  William,  Anglican  mis- 
sionary  in    Brazil,    26 

Music   spurs   Philippine  workers,   98 

Myers,  Consul  Davis  J.,  quoted,  9 


N 

Nanking,      China,      and      Professor 
Bailie,   67,    79 


Natal,  Africa,  mission  Bible  school, 
164 

National  Bank  of  Savings,  Val- 
paraiso, Chile,  20 

National  weakness,  causes  of,  4 

Negritos,   the,    102 

New   Guinea,    191 

New  Japan,  perils  of  industrial  era, 
49 

New  schools  in  the  Philippines,  99, 
100,    106 

Newly  rich  in  Japan,  38 

Night  schools  and  a  newspaper  sub- 
stitute in  Japan,  55 

"  Ninevites,  The,"  in  the  Rand,   159 

Nipa  shacks  and  family  life  checK 
irregularity   in   labor,   99 

Nippashi  river  plant,  38 

Nitrate  fields  and  wages,  9 

North  American  industrialists  set  a 
standard   in    South   America,    11 

Noss,  Rev.  Christopher,  quoted,  on 
Japan's  power-plant  workers,  43 

Notes  from  the  Transvaal  quoted, 
158 


Occupational  perils  in  Japan,  46-49 

Odera,  Japan,  treatment  of  work- 
ers,  44 

Old  Umtali,  Rhodesia,  industrial 
work,  172 

Oldham,  Bishop  William  F.,  quoted 
on  work  in  the  Philippines,  116 

Orenstein,  Dr.  A.  J.,  quoted  on  liv- 
ing conditions  in  the  Rand,  155 

Osaka,   Japan,    factory   accidents,   42 

Oxen  to  be  saved  by  silos  in  India, 
139 


Papuan   Industries,   Limited,   a   mis- 
sion enterprise,   191 
Paraguay,  work  and  workers,  ro 
Perils,  of  African  mines,  153;  of  the 

industries  of  the  new  Japan,  49-51 
Peru  Indians,  3 
Philippines,  93;  agriculture,  100-106; 

arbor  day,    106;  church  and  state, 

95 ;     missionary's     task     in,     108; 

population  and  location,  94 
Playground,  Brazil's  first  public,  30 
Porto    Rico,    180 
Poultry    Clubs    in    the    Philippines, 

103 
Poultry     show     in     India,     Slater's 

annual,    126 
"  Preacher  "    Likumbi's  work  in  the 

Rand,  163 
Presbyterian    school    in    Valparaiso, 

26 
Presbyterians,   in   Elat,   Africa,    188; 

in   Sangli,  western  India,   130 


INDEX 


207 


Profit-sharing       planned       by       Mr. 

Homma  in  Japan,  56 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church  mission 

school,  178,  179 
Punishment   for   uprisings   in   South 

America,  3 
Punta  Arenas  wages,  9 
Purple    Mountain,    China,    used    in 

forestry   plans,    69-74 


Quezon,  Hon.  Manuel,  quoted  on 
government  and  missionary  work 
in  the  Philippines,  116 

R 

Rancagua,   Chile,    murders  in,   20 
Rand,    problems   in    Africa,    155-159 
Rebellion    menace    by    Bolivian    In- 
dians, 5 
Red    Cross    engineer    tells    China's 

needs,   65 
Redfield,    William    C,    on    Japanese 

labor    cost,    50 
Reforestation  work  in  China,  75 
Remington  typewriter  company  aids 

Dr.  Tucker's  work,  31 
Research    Institute    work    in    India, 

122 
Rice  porridge   as  a   relief   in  China 

famine,   69 
Rio  de  Janeiro  mission  work,  27 
Robbery  by  criminal  tribe  ended  by 

mission  work  and  food,  74,  75 
Roldan,    Melchor,    Philippine    cham- 
pion corn-grower,   105 


St.  Andrews  Industrial  School,  Gua- 
dalajara,  Mexico,    178,    179 

Salvation  Army  work  in  Japan,  54, 
SS 

San  Ramon  prison  farm,  106 

Sangli    Industrial    School,    131 

Santiago  College  for  Girls,  26 

Schell,  Dr.  Edwin,  quoted  on  the 
Filipino   boy,    102 

Sea-farming,    103 

Self-support,  177,  190-196 

Serfdom  of  former  owners  of  An 
dean   lands,    5 

Shantung  governor,  79 

Sholapur  Congregational  mission 
aries.    129 

Shrines  of  Standard  Oil  tins  mark 
ing   murder   sites,    20 

Sibley,   Dr.,  quoted,   115 

Silliman  Institute,  iii,  114,  115 
179,    189 

Silo,  the,  in  India,   140 

Singer  Sewing  Machine  Company 
donation  to  Dr.  Tucker's  work,  31 


Slater.  Mr.  Arthur  H.,  quoted  on 
India's  chicken  industry,    125 

Slavery,    forms   of,    6 

Social  service.  Dr.  Bridgeman's 
views    on,    161 

Sorenson,  Mr.  S.  S.,  referred  to,  16 

Spanish  life  and  standards  in 
South   America,   4,    5 

Speer,   Robert   E.,   quoted,    107 

Square    deal,    a,    97 

Standard  Oil  Company  seeks  welfare 
of  South  American  employees,   14 

Staunton,  Rev.  John  A.,  work  of  at 
Sagada,    112 

Straw  mats  shelter  famine  victims, 
67 

Strict  anti-whisky  rules,  19,  20 

Strikes  in   Japan,   54 

Strong,  Josiah,  referred  to,  27 

Sturtevant,  Mr.,  of  Philippine  Bu- 
reau of  Education,  quoted,  106 

Subterranean   mining   city,    16 

Suguira,  Rev.  Yoshimichi,  Japanese 
Christian  pastor,  55 

Sukagawa,    refugees    in,    44 

Swift's  packing  industry  and  labor 
welfare,  14 


Telephone  operators'  perils,  47 
Temptation   Hill   used   by   Mr.    Hig- 

ginbottom,    143 
Theft   in   China,   (>2 
Tobacco    workers'    perils,    47 
Tokyo  Telephone  Exchange,  47 
"  Tout "    attracting   workers    to    the 

Rand,    150 
Trade   of   Japan   expanding   in    war 

time,    37 
Training  the  highest  ranks  Mr.  Hig- 

ginbottom's  unsought  work,   144 
Transvaal    liquor    law    evaded,    156, 

IS7 
Tree,    dearth    in    China,    62;    laws 

lacking     in     China,     66\     nursery 

methods  by  Mr.   Bailie,  75,  76 
Tree-planting,   in  China,   78,   79,   86- 

88;  in  the  Philippines,  106 
"Tree  Seed  Exchange,"   83-85 
Trolley-car  perils,  48 
Tubercular  miners  in  Africa,   154 
Tuberculosis  in  Japan,  42 
Tucker,    Commissioner    Booth,    129, 

143 
Tucker,   Dr.   H.   C,   ingenious  work 

in  Brazil,   27-32 
Turner,   Mr.,  referred  to,   17 

U 

Uganda   Railway,    178 
Understanding    missions    after     Dr. 

Tucker's   work,    Z2 
United      Presbyterian      Church      of 


208 


INDEX 


North      America,      orphanage     in 

India,    171 
"  University     of     Crime,"     Africa's, 

159,    160 
Uruguay,  work  and  workers,  10 
Usurious  rates  for  farmers  in  India, 


Valparaiso  Y.  M.  C.  A.  activities,  26 
Vice,   commercialized,   in   the   Rand, 
156 

W 

Wages  in  Japan,  lure  of  the  cities, 

39,  44 
Wakamatsu,  Japan,  refugees  in,  44 


Walker,  F.  W.,  quoted,  191-194;  re- 
ferred to,  191 
Ward  School  in  Buenos  Aires,  26 
Weakness,  causes  of  national,  4 
Welfare,  record,    16-21;   work,    10-13 
"Whisky    Guards,"    work    of,    18-20 
William    Booth    Sanitarium,    Tokyo, 

55 
Winter  in  the  Andes,   15 
Worcester,  Dean  C,  quoted,  96,  107 
Workers,  in  the  Philippines,  96;   in 
South  America,  4,  10,  11 


Yamato  Silk  Store,  Japan,  56 
Y.  M.  C.  A.,  in  India,  122,   124; 
Japan,  54 


LIST  OF 

MISSION  BOARDS  AND 

CORRESPONDENTS 


The  Missionary  Education  Movement  is  conducted  in  behalf  of  the 
Foreigrn  and  Home  Mission  Boards  and  Societies  of  the  United  States  and 
Canada. 

Orders  for  literature  on  foreign  and  home  missions  should  be  ad- 
dressed to  the  secretaries  representing  those  organizations,  who  are  pre- 
pared to  furnish  special  helps  to  leaders  of  mission  study  classes  and  to 
other    missionary    workers. 

If  the  address  of  the  secretary  of  the  Foreign  or  Home  Mission  Board 
or  Society  of  your  denomination  is  unknown,  orders  may  be  sent  to  the 
Missionary  Education  Movement.  All  persons  ordering  from  the  Mission- 
ary Education  Movement  are  requested  to  indicate  their  denominations 
when  ordering. 
Advent    Christian — American    Advent    Mission    Society,    Rev.  George  E. 

Tyler,   i6o  Warren  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 
Associate   Reformed   Presbyterian — Young  People's   Christian   Union   and 

Sabbath  School  Work,  Rev.  J.  W.  Carson,  Newberry,  S.   C. 
Baptist  (North) — Department  of  Missionary  Education  of  the  Cooperating 

Organizations  of  the  Northern  Baptist  Convention,  23  Elast  26th  Street, 

New  York  City. 
Baptist  (South) — Foreign  Mission  Board  of  the  Southern  Baptist  Conven- 
tion,  Rev.  T.   B.   Ray,   11 03  Main  Street,   Richmond,  Va.      (Correspon- 
dence concerning  both   foreign   and  home  missions.) 
Baptist    (Ojlored) — Foreign   Mission   Board   of  the   National   Baptist   Con- 
vention, Rev.  L.  G.  Jordan,  701   South  Nineteenth  Street,  Philadelphia, 

Pa. 
Christian — The  Mission  Board  of  the  Christian  Church:  Foreign  Missions, 

Rev.  M.  T.  Morrill;  Home  Missions,  Rev.  Omer  S.  Thomas,  C.  P.  A. 

Building,    Dayton,   Ohio. 
Christian  Reformed — Board  of  Heathen  Missions,  Rev.  Henry  Beets,  2050 

Francis  Avenue,   S.   E.,  Grand  Rapids,   Mich. 
Church  of  the  Brethren — General  Mission  Board  of  the  (Thurch  of  the 

Brethren,   Rev.  Galen  B.   Royer,  Elgin,   III. 
Congregational — American  Board  of  Commissioners  for  Foreign  Missions, 

Rev.  D.  Brewer  Eddy,   14  Beacon  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 
American  Missionary  Association,  Rev.  C.  J.  Ryder,  287  Fourth  Avenue, 

New  York  City. 
Congregational   Education   Society,  Rev.  Miles  B.   Fisher,   14  Beacon   St., 

Boston,   Mass. 
The   Congregational   Home   Missionary   Society,    Rev.   William   S.    Beard, 

287    Fourth    Avenue,   New   York   City. 
DisciPLBS  OF  Christ — Foreign  Christian  Missionary   Society,  Rev.   Stephen 

J,    Corey,    Box   884,    Cincinnati,    Ohio. 
The  American  Christian   Missionary  Society,  Mr.   R.   M.  Hopkins,  Carew 

Building,    Cincinnati,   Ohio. 


Evangelical  Association — Missionary  Society  of  the  Evangelical  Asso. 
ciation.  Rev.  George  Johnson,  1903  Woodland  Avenue,  S.  E.,  Cleve- 
land,  Ohio. 

Evangelical  Lutheran — Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  General   Coun- 
cil of  the  Evangelical  Lutheran  Church  in  N.  A.,  Rev.   George  Drach, 
Trappe,   Pa. 
Board    of    Home    Missions    of    the    General    Council    of    the    Evangelical 
Lutheran    Church  in   North   America,    805-807    Drexel   Building,    Phila- 
delphia,  Pa. 
Board    of   Foreign    Missions   of   the   General    Synod    of   the    Evangelical 
Lutheran   Church  in  the  U.   S.  A.,  Rev.  L.   B.   Wolff,   21   West   Sara- 
toga  Street,    Baltimore,    Md. 
Board    of    Home    Missions    and    Church    Extension    of    the    Evangelical 

Lutheran  Church,   Rev.   H.   H.   Weber,  York,  Pa. 
Board    of    Foreign    Missions    of    the    United    Synod    of    the    Evangelical 
Lutheran  Church  in  the  South,   Rev.   C.    L.   Brown,  Columbia,   S.   C. 

Friends — American  Friends  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  Mr.  Ross  A.  Had- 
ley,   Richmond,   Ind. 
Evangelistic    and    Church    Extension    Board    of   the    Friends    Five   Years' 
Meeting,   Mr.   Harry  R.   Keates,    13 14  Lyon  Street,   Des  Moines,   Iowa. 

German  Evangelical — Foreign  Mission  Board,  German  Evangelical  Synod 
of  North  America,   Rev.   E.   Schmidt,   1377   Main  Street,   Buffalo,  N.   Y. 

Methodist  Episcopal — The  Department  of  Missionary  Education.  Repre- 
senting the  Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  the  Board  of  Home  Missions 
and  Church  Extension,  and  the  Board  of  Sunday  Schools,  150  Fifth 
Avenue,  New  York  City. 

Methodist  Episcopal  (South) — The  Educational  Department  of  the 
Board  of  Missions  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Churchy  South,  Rev. 
C.  G.  Hounshell,  810,  Broadway,  Nashville,  Tenn.  (Correspondence 
concerning  both   foreign  and  home   missions.) 

Methodist    Protestant — Board    of    Foreign    Missions    of    the    Methodist 
Protestant    Church,    Rev.    Fred    C.    Klein,    316    North    Charles    Street, 
Baltimore,    Md. 
Board    of    Home    Missions    of    the    Methodist    Protestant    Church,    Rev. 
Charles  H.   Beck,   507  Pittsburgh  Life  Building,   Pittsburgh,   Pa. 

Moravian — The  Department  of  Missionary  Education  of  the  Moravian 
Church  in  America,  Northern  Province,  Rev.  F.  W.  Stengel,  Lititz, 
Pa. 

Presbyterian  (U.  S.  A.) — The  Board  of  Foreign  Missions  of  the  Pres- 
byterian Church  in  the  U.  S.  A.,  Mr.  B.  Carter  Millikin,  Educational 
Secretary,  Rev.  George  H.  Trull,  Sunday  School  Secretary,  156  Fifth 
Avenue,  New  York  City. 
Board  of  Home  Missions  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A., 
Mr.    J.    Edward    Tompkins,    156    Fifth    Avenue,    New    York    City. 

Presbyterian    (U.    S.) — Executive    Committee    of    Foreign    Missions    of   the 
Presbyterian  Church  in  the  U.  S.,  Mr.  John  I.  Armstrong,  210  Union 
Street,  Nashville,  Tenn. 
General   Assembly's    Home    Missions   of   the    Presbyterian    Church    in  the 
U.    S.,    Rev.    S.    L.    Morris,    1522   Hurt   Building,    Atlanta,   Ga. 

Protestant  Episcopal — The  Domestic  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  ot 
the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  the  U.  S.  A.,  Mr.  W.  C.  Sturgis, 
281    Fourth   Avenue,    New    York    City. 

Reformed  Church  in  America — Board  of  Foreign  Missions,  Rev.  L.  J. 
Shafer;  Board  of  Home  Missions,  Rev.  W»  T.  Demarest;  Board  of 
Publication  and  Bible  School  Work,  Rev.  T.  F.  Bayles.  25  East 
Twenty-second  Street,  New  York  City. 

Reformed  Church  in  the  United  States — Mission  Study  Departmfent. 
Representing  the  Boards  of  Home  and  Foreign  Missions,  Mr.  John  H. 
Poorman,  304  Reformed  Church  Building,  Fifteenth  and  Race  Streets, 
Philadelphia,   Pa. 

United    Brethren    in    Christ — Foreign    Missionary    Society,    Rev.    S.    S. 
Hough,   Otterbein   Press   Building,   Dayton,  Ohio. 
Home    Missionary    Society,    Miss    Lyda    B.     Wiggim,    United    Brethren 

Building,   Dayton,   Ohio. 
Young   People's   Work,    Rev.    O.   T.    Deever,   Otterbein   Press   Building, 
Dayton,    Ohio. 


United  Evangelical — Home  and  Foreign  Missionary  Society  of  the  United 
Evangelical  Church  and  Board  of  Church  Extension,  Rev.  B.  H.  Niebel, 
Penbrook,    Pa. 

United    Norwegian    Lutheran — Board    of    Foreign    Missions   United   Nor. 

wegian  Lutheran   Church  of  America,   Rev.   M.   Saterlie,  425-429   South 

Fourth    Street,    Minneapolis,    Minn. 

Board  of  Home  Missions,   United  Norwegian  Lutheran  Church  of  Amer. 

ica,  Rev.   Olaf  Guldseth,  425   South  Fourth   Street,  Minneapolis,   Minn. 

United    Presbyterian — Mission    Study   Department    of   the    Board   of    For- 
eign  Missions   of   the   United    Presbyterian    Church    of   North   America, 
Miss  Anna  A.   Milligan,   200   North    Fifteenth   Street,    Philadelphia,   Pa. 
Board   of   Home   Missions    of   the   United   Presbyterian    Church    of   North 
America,    Rev.    R.    A.    Hutchison,    209   Ninth    Street,    Pittsburgh,    Pa. 

Universalist — Department    of    Missionary    Education    of    the    General    Sun- 
day  School   Association,    Rev.   A.   Gertrude    Earle,    Methuen,    Mass. 
Send    all    orders    for    literature    to    Universalist    Publishing    House,    359 
Boylston  Street,  Boston,  Mass. 

CANADIAN  BOARDS 

Baptist — The  Canadian  Baptist  Foreign  Mission  Board,  Rev.  J.  G.  Brown, 
22i   Church   Street,  Toronto,   Ontario. 

Church  of  England — The  Missionary  Society  of  the  Church  of  England 
in  Canada,  Rev.  Canon  S.  Gould,  131  Confederation  Life  Building, 
Toronto,    Ontario. 

Congregational — Canada  Congregational  Foreign  Missionary  Society,  Miss 
Effie    Jamieson,    23    Woodlawn    Avenue,    East,    Toronto,    Ontario. 

Methodist — Young  People's  Forward  Movement  Department  of  the  Mis- 
sionary Society  of  the  Methodist  Church,  Canada,  Rev.  F.  C.  Stephen- 
son,   299    Queen    Street,    West,    Toronto,    Ontario. 

Presbyterian — Presbyterian  Church  in  Canada,  Board  of  Foreign  Mis- 
sions, Rev.  A.  E.  Armstrong,  439  Confederation  Life  Building,  To- 
ronto, Ontario. 

Revised  to   19 17 


■  ^  ■ifeiifefetlii 


